1. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 1 Stefano Bianco Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN CMS Frascati

2. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 2 OVERVIEW 1.Where do we come from 2.CMS and the RPC muon detectors 3.Gas contaminants studies 4.Gas gain monitoring system 5.Physics analysis tasks 6.Papers 7.Conclusions

3. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 3 Historical Touch (I) Our group forms in the 80’s with NA1 at CERN, then activity in FOCUS at Fermilab, LVD at G.Sasso, KLOE and FINUDA at LNF and finally BTeV at Fermilab. Previous experience in HEP detectors concentrated on calorimetry (NA1, FOCUS, KLOE) and strawtubes (FINUDA and BTeV). Traditional physics topics of interest in Heavy Flavours spectroscopy (FOCUS). Strong activity in FINUDA analysis (hypernuclear spectroscopy).

4. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 4 Historical Touch (II) In BTeV our group conceived, proposed and developed the strawtube- microstrips integration in the forward tracker, introducing the novel solution of glued straws embedded in a Rohacell lattice without mechanical tension. We also introduced the Fiber Bragg Grating sensors technique in HEP, using them in FINUDA for the first time, and generalizing their use in BTeV for straws, microstrips and pixels. Fixed frame Sliding frame

5. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 5 A small group with a tradition for HEP detectors design, construction and operation, and a strong motivation to physics analysis

6. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 6 Historical Touch (III) BTeV was canceled by US DOE in February 2005 In April 2006 CMS Frascati was approved and funded by INFN

7. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 7 CMS at the CERN LHC http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/Welcome.html/

8. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 8 Resistive Plate Counter muon detector Gas mix used is 96.2% C 2 H 2 F 4 / 3.5% Iso-C 4 H 10 / 0.3% SF 6

9. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 9 RPC muon detector

10. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 10 L.Benussi a, M.Bertani a, S.Bianco a, A.Brotzu c, M.A.Caponero b, D.Colonna c, D.Donisi b, F.L.Fabbri a, F.Felli c, M.Giardoni a, B.Ortenzi a, M.Pallotta a, A.Paolozzi d, L.Passamonti a, D.Pierluigi a, A.Russo a, B.Ponzio a, C.Pucci d, G.Saviano c a Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN, Italy b Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN and ENEA Frascati, Italy c Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN and Facolta’ di Ingegneria Roma1, Italy d Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati dell’INFN and Scuola di Ingegneria aerospaziale Roma 1, Italy In 2007: 7.5 FTE staff+PhD, 1.5 FTE technicians CMS Frascati

11. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 11 Tasks and Responsibilities in CMS CMS Frascati was approved and funded by INFN in April 2006. Frascati Tasks: Cabling coordination (D.Colonna) QC at production site Gas purity and material studies, Gas gain monitoring system (S.Bianco) Analysis

12. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 12 LNF located at ~80km from RPC production site

13. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 13 Quality Control at General Tecnica (Colli, FR)

14. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 14 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) detectors are widely used in HEP experiments for muon detection and triggering at high-energy, high- luminosity hadron colliders, in astroparticle physics experiments for the detection of extended air showers, as well as in medical and imaging applications. While gain and efficiency stability are always a must, in the case of RPC detectors in high-rate experiments which use freon-based gas mixtures, utmost care has to be paid also for the possible presence of gas contaminants. The RPC detector of experiment CMS at the LHC proton collider (CERN, Switzerland) will employ a gas analysis and monitoring system for the online monitor of the freon-based gas mixture used. The gas monitoring system is based on small RPC detectors whose working point (gain and efficiency) is continuously monitored online. The gas monitoring system is designed to provide fast and accurate determination of any shift in working point conditions. Quantitative gas chemical analysis is then performed online by a complete system which includes gas-chromatography, pH sensors and contaminants (notably HF) detectors. GAS STUDIES

15. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 15 Because of high cost and huge volumes of the Freon-based gas mix used, CMS will use a recirculation (Closed Loop) gas system developed by the CERN gas group.Because of high cost and huge volumes of the Freon-based gas mix used, CMS will use a recirculation (Closed Loop) gas system developed by the CERN gas group. The Closed Loop is a critical component of RPC. CMS has accumulated experience on its use and performances during the test at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN in 2001, and currently at the ISR where chambers are tested in CL prior to installation. The Closed Loop is a critical component of RPC. CMS has accumulated experience on its use and performances during the test at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN in 2001, and currently at the ISR where chambers are tested in CL prior to installation. At the GIF facility we observed substancial production of HF, linearly correlated with the signal currentAt the GIF facility we observed substancial production of HF, linearly correlated with the signal current THE CMS CLOSED LOOP GAS SYSTEM

16. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 16 CLOSED LOOP GAS RECIRCULATION Purifiers are THE crucial component

17. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 17 SEM-EDS STUDY OF IRRADIATED RPCs Anode Cathode We opened RPCs irradiated at the GIF and observed defects on the inner surfaces. SEM image of a defect with two magnifications We performed SEM-EDS and XRD analyses on- and off-defect…

18. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 18 Reference bakelite On-defect SEM / EDS analysis of defects inside irradiated RPC Peaks of NaF Peaks of defects On-defect Na peak Off-defect F peak Presence of Na in defects from bakelite http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0701014.Preliminary XRD results show presence of NaF. http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0701014.

19. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 19 CERN Closed Loop Gas System We proposed to study presence of contaminants and their type of accumulation in the Closed Loop Gas system (same for CMS and ATLAS)We proposed to study presence of contaminants and their type of accumulation in the Closed Loop Gas system (same for CMS and ATLAS) Current values in ISR Test Chambers decrease as the gas circulation changes from a closed to an open loopCurrent values in ISR Test Chambers decrease as the gas circulation changes from a closed to an open loop We are coordinating a three-phase study of CLWe are coordinating a three-phase study of CL –Phase 1 September 06 - study contemporaneous to chamber testing. Limited by current values. –Phase 2 March 07 - Dedicated testing of DG’s and SG’s –Phase 3 ? - Dedicated testing at GIF possibly synergy with ATLAS

20. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 20 CERN Closed Loop Gas system All system components should be characterized:All system components should be characterized: –Bakelite (all different types of bakelite) –Zeolite (all different zeolite filters) –Other filters based on Cu and Zn and oxides –Gas by means of a systematic sampling of the different parts during all of the system work phases

21. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 21 Phase 1: ISR sampling September 2006 Samples (unused, contaminated, regenerated) have been collected:Samples (unused, contaminated, regenerated) have been collected: –Purifiers: ZeoliteZeolite Ni Al 2 O 3;Ni Al 2 O 3; Cu, Cu Zn Cu, Cu Zn –Pipes Cu –Neither oiled nor used bakelite –Unused bakelite oiled with graphite

22. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 22 Table of analyses

23. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 23 Zeolites characterization now used in CL Different zeolite filters have been used : 3A, 5A. Different zeolite filters have been used : 3A, 5A. They differ in their grain size dimensions, framework pores amplitude and chemical composition They differ in their grain size dimensions, framework pores amplitude and chemical composition 4A (4 Å, Na)4A (4 Å, Na) 3A (3 Å, K)3A (3 Å, K) 5A (5 Å, Ca)5A (5 Å, Ca) Grain size distribution has been performed on zeolite filters :Grain size distribution has been performed on zeolite filters : 3 Å (25 gr)3 Å (25 gr) 1,4 mm (8 gr) 1 mm (17 gr) 1,4 mm (8 gr) 1 mm (17 gr) 5 Å (25 gr)5 Å (25 gr) 2,8 mm (16 gr) 2 mm (9 gr) 2,8 mm (16 gr) 2 mm (9 gr)

24. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 24 Type A zeolites Framework of Linde Type A zeolitesFramework of Linde Type A zeolites 4A (4 Å, Na)4A (4 Å, Na) 3A (3 Å, K)3A (3 Å, K) 5A (5 Å, Ca)5A (5 Å, Ca)

25. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 25 Linde Type A zeolite (Na 96 (H 2 O) 216 [Si 96 Al 96 O 384 ] XRD performed at University of Rome “La Sapienza” on a sample of unused zeolite. On the right, the reference pattern for standard Linde Type A zeolite. REFERENCE

26. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 26 Characterization of zeolite and other filters (Cu, Cu Zn; Ni, Al 2 O 3 ) Zeolites and other filters have been sampled (unused, contaminated, regenerated). On these samples, analyses have been performed:Zeolites and other filters have been sampled (unused, contaminated, regenerated). On these samples, analyses have been performed: –Chemical analyses on major and trace elements, also sulphur, and carbon (graphitic, total and organic) –Ionic chromatography to analyze fluorine –XRD analyses to identify zeolite and to evaluate a possible crystalline structure of compounds, occurring after gas filtering The aims of these analyses are: to characterize contaminants in filtersto characterize contaminants in filters to identify their form (crystalline, in solution, amorphous)to identify their form (crystalline, in solution, amorphous) to define the filters composition after regenerationto define the filters composition after regeneration

27. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 27 Instrumentation available at University of Rome “La Sapienza” (Faculty of Engineering) Stereomicroscope Leica Wild M10Stereomicroscope Leica Wild M10 SEM Hitachi S2500, equipped with a Kevex X- ray Microanalizer.SEM Hitachi S2500, equipped with a Kevex X- ray Microanalizer. XRD Philips X’Pert Plus diffraction systemXRD Philips X’Pert Plus diffraction system HPLC ionic chromatography (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), made up of a Shimadzu LC-10ATvp pump and a column Shodex ICSI-50 4E, and a conductivity detector CDD-10Asp.HPLC ionic chromatography (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), made up of a Shimadzu LC-10ATvp pump and a column Shodex ICSI-50 4E, and a conductivity detector CDD-10Asp. Roughness tester Mitutoyo SurftestRoughness tester Mitutoyo Surftest Sample preparation setsSample preparation sets

28. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 28 Traces of S and F in filters

29. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 29 Closed loop Studies Summary Closed loop filters detemined in 2001 at gif by looking at GC peaksClosed loop filters detemined in 2001 at gif by looking at GC peaks –CAVE: Not everything bad for RPC shows up in a GC Rigorous sampling in September 2006Rigorous sampling in September 2006 –New materials –Used materials –Regenerated materials A broad-spectrum analysis campaign (reference) to single out problems and to design more focussed analyses.A broad-spectrum analysis campaign (reference) to single out problems and to design more focussed analyses. CMS Frascati provided specific expertise and instrumentation for the solution of a basic open problem - gas purifiersCMS Frascati provided specific expertise and instrumentation for the solution of a basic open problem - gas purifiers

30. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 30 A monitoring system of the RPC working point: A monitoring system of the RPC working point: –able to provide much faster and sensitive response than the CMS RPC system Monitor efficiency and charge continuously - 1 hour cycles Monitor efficiency and charge continuously - 1 hour cycles 1% precision 1% precision Monitoring of charge and efficiences with cosmic rays (20 Hz/pads) in SGX5 gas building Monitoring of charge and efficiences with cosmic rays (20 Hz/pads) in SGX5 gas building Three sub-systems of 45x45 cm 2 pads in the same telescope Three sub-systems of 45x45 cm 2 pads in the same telescope 1 Reference with clean open loop gas mix 2 Monitor “OUT” with close loop downstream of CMS RPCs 3 Monitor “IN” with close loop upstream of CMS RPCs Multiplexed monitor on half-wheel gas line as future upgrade Multiplexed monitor on half-wheel gas line as future upgrade In case work point changes –alarm goes on  action needed –Gas quality monitoring systems (GC,probes, etc) verify what the change of working point is due to. GAS GAIN MONITORING SYSTEM

31. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 31 USC5UXC5 C 2 H 2 F 4 /SF 6 /i-C 4 H 10 /H 2 O Slow Ctrl GC, p/T/RH/Ph CMS VENT PURIFIERS SGX Bldg RPC TRIG2 RPC TRIG1 RPC TRIG4 RPC TRIG3 RPC PAD REF2 RPC PAD REF1 RPC PAD MON6 RPC PAD MON5 REFERENCE half wheel lines VENT RPC PAD MON4 RPC PAD MON3 RPC PAD MON2 RPC PAD MON1 MONITOR VENT Gas Gain Monitor (conceptual design ) VENT

32. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 32 –Reading RPCs with two pads placed on both sides of detectors for timing, efficiency and charge Gas Gain Monitor (conceptual design ) knee +200 -200 Three monitoring RPC with independent HV supply, on and off knee Three monitoring RPC with independent HV supply, on and off knee Clean cosmic rays peak provide accurate monitor of working point Clean cosmic rays peak provide accurate monitor of working point Ref.: S.Nuzzo 2006 10x10cm 2 pad

33. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 33 GAIN MONITORING SYSTEM READOUT PAD Foam

34. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 34 PROTOTYPE 45x45cm 2 double-pad

35. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 35 GAS GAIN MONITORING - DOUBLE PAD READOUT Pads 45x45cm 2 positive and negative Sum pulse DEVELOPING DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFICATION SCHEME TO REDUCE COHERENT NOISE Cosmic ray event triggered by scintillation counters hodoscope

36. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 36 GAS GAIN MONITORING SYSTEM Charge distribution of avalanche from cosmic rays at voltages from 9.5kV to 10kV. Charge readout from 45x45cm 2 pads fed to TEKTRONIX TDS5000 scope. CMS RPC preliminary Gas mix used is 96.2% C 2 H 2 F 4 / 3.5% Iso-C 4 H 10 / 0.3% SF 6

37. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 37 GAS GAIN MONITORING SYSTEM CMS RPC preliminary Positive pad Negative pad Fitting charge distributions with truncated gaussians shows expected linear dependance of charge on HV (saturated avalanche). Peak is determined with a 1% accuracy for 10 4 event samples.

38. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 38 AVALANCHE TO STREAMER TRANSITION Charge distribution on 45x45cm 2 pad showing transition from avalanche to streamer. At t=0 standard gas mix contains 0.3% SF 6, which is progressively removed. As SF 6 is decreased, the streamer peak appears. 0.3% SF 6 0.0% SF 6

39. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 39 Our FEE options under test 1/6 Type A0 - LM6172 - Dual High Speed, Low Power, Low Distortion Voltage Feedback Amplifiers Gain Bandwidth 100 MHz Slew Rate 3000 Volts/usec SupplyCurrent Per Channel 2.3 mA Supply Min 5.5 Volt Supply Max 36 Volt Type A1 - Max 435 Differential, High Speed Op Amp Gain Bandwidth 275 MHz Slew Rate 800 Volts/usec SupplyCurrent Per Channel 18 mA Supply Min 5 Volt Supply Max 12 Volt Type A2 - LMH6550 Differential, High Speed Op Amp Gain Bandwidth 400 MHz Slew Rate 3000 Volts/usec SupplyCurrent Per Channel 20 mA Supply Min 5 Volt Supply Max 12 Volt TRASFORMATORI (Zero centrale) Tipo A Ferrite Diametro 30mm spessore 6mm Tipo B Ferrite Diametro 30mm spessore 12mm Tipo C Miniatura diametro 6mm spessore 3mm Several amplification schemes are being explored. Even a simple passive sum of positive and negative pads and feeding to standard LRS612AM ampli improves the S/N ratio.

40. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 40 AMPLI Option <- PEDESTAL CMS RPC preliminary HV=9700V Oscilloscopio Lecroy / Tektronix 10pF 100uH 10nF 4uH

41. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 41 RACKS LAYOUT IN SGX5 11 12 1 and 1/2 racks For gas gain monitor Only gas, no electronics Lateral access Minimize signal cables lengths Gas quality here + piping,valves,GC ?

42. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 42 SISTEMA PRONTO A GT 2/5/07

43. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 43 Integration of Gas Gain Monitoring gaps with the CERN gas system

44. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 44 Physics Studies Physics Studies Channels with muon pairs (from J/psi, Upsilon(4s)), profiting of knowledge of RPC and DT muon detectorsChannels with muon pairs (from J/psi, Upsilon(4s)), profiting of knowledge of RPC and DT muon detectors Spectroscopy of Bc-->J/psi Spectroscopy of Bc-->J/psi  Mixing of Bs --> J/psi Mixing of Bs --> J/psi  CPV in Bs --> J/psi CPV in Bs --> J/psi 

45. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 45 Papers 2006-2007 Preprints and ConferencesPreprints and Conferences –S.Bianco on behalf of the CMS RPC Collaboration, “The gas gain monitoring system for the CMS RPC detector”, IEEE06, San Diego (USA) http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0701014. –C.Pucci “CMS RPC gas gain system”, Annual Congress of Italian Physical Society, Torino 2006 –D.Colonna “Use of FBG sensors for high precision silicon detectors”, Annual Congress of Italian Physical Society, Torino 2006 –M.Abbrescia et al., Proposal for a detailed study of Closed Loop… Frascati Preprint LNF 06/27 (IR) available at http://www.lnf.infn.it/sis/preprint/ http://www.lnf.infn.it/sis/preprint/ –M.Caponero et al., “On the use of FBG sensors in CMS” Siena conference on adv. Detectors Nov 2006 (to appear on NIM) –A.Paolozzi et al., “Performances of FBG sensors for application at LHC experiments”, Vienna conference Feb 2007 (to appear on NIM) –S.Bianco et al., Omega-Like Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors as Position Monitoring Device: A Possible Pixel Position Detector in CMS? Frascati preprint LNF- 06/13(NT) Masters and PhD Theses Masters and PhD Theses C.Pucci Analisi dei materiali nelle RPC di CMS Frascati preprint LNF - 06 / 31(Thesis) C.Pucci Analisi dei materiali nelle RPC di CMS Frascati preprint LNF - 06 / 31(Thesis) D.Colonna Applicazione dei sensori FBG in HEP e nelle strutture Marzo 2007D.Colonna Applicazione dei sensori FBG in HEP e nelle strutture Marzo 2007

46. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 46 CONCLUSIONS CMS Frascati was approved and funded by INFN in April 2006, just a little over one year after the BTeV cancellation We have brought into the CMS RPC Collaboration important contributions in HEP detectors and materials science, and we now have a leading role in the gas studies Cabling coordination (D.Colonna) QC at production site Gas purity and material studies, Gas gain monitoring system (S.Bianco) CMS RPC is a unique playground for well-motivated students for both Physics and Engineering. CMS Frascati benefits from excellent, well-motivated Engineering students. The inflow of Physics students is more difficult, active search now in place to attack the topics of interest in physics analyses

47. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 47 SPARE SLIDES

48. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 48 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds is not immediately adjacent to the visible spectrum, but is that having a wavelength range from 2,500 to 16,000 nm, with a corresponding frequency range from 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz.The portion of the infrared region most useful for analysis of organic compounds is not immediately adjacent to the visible spectrum, but is that having a wavelength range from 2,500 to 16,000 nm, with a corresponding frequency range from 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz. Photon energies associated with this part of the infrared (from 1 to 15 kcal/mole) are not large enough to excite electrons, but may induce vibrational excitation of covalently bonded atoms and groups. The covalent bonds in molecules are not rigid sticks or rods, such as found in molecular model kits, but are more like stiff springs that can be stretched and bent.Photon energies associated with this part of the infrared (from 1 to 15 kcal/mole) are not large enough to excite electrons, but may induce vibrational excitation of covalently bonded atoms and groups. The covalent bonds in molecules are not rigid sticks or rods, such as found in molecular model kits, but are more like stiff springs that can be stretched and bent. We must now recognize that, in addition to the facile rotation of groups about single bonds, molecules experience a wide variety of vibrational motions, characteristic of their component atoms.We must now recognize that, in addition to the facile rotation of groups about single bonds, molecules experience a wide variety of vibrational motions, characteristic of their component atoms. Consequently, virtually all organic compounds will absorb infrared radiation that corresponds in energy to these vibrations. Infrared spectrometers, similar in principle to the UV-Visible spectrometer, permit chemists to obtain absorption spectra of compounds that are a unique reflection of their molecular structure. Consequently, virtually all organic compounds will absorb infrared radiation that corresponds in energy to these vibrations. Infrared spectrometers, similar in principle to the UV-Visible spectrometer, permit chemists to obtain absorption spectra of compounds that are a unique reflection of their molecular structure.

49. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 49 Analitical methods: ICP-MS (Inductive Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) The ICP-MS instrument employs an argon plasma as the ionization source and a quadruple mass spectrometer to detect the ions produced. During analysis, the sample solution is nebulized into flowing argon gas and passed into an inductively coupled plasma. The gas and nearly everything in it is atomized and ionized, forming a plasma. The plasma is a source of both excited and ionized atoms. The positive ions in the plasma are then focused down a quadrupole mass spectrometer where they are separated according to mass, detected, multiplied and counted.The ICP-MS instrument employs an argon plasma as the ionization source and a quadruple mass spectrometer to detect the ions produced. During analysis, the sample solution is nebulized into flowing argon gas and passed into an inductively coupled plasma. The gas and nearly everything in it is atomized and ionized, forming a plasma. The plasma is a source of both excited and ionized atoms. The positive ions in the plasma are then focused down a quadrupole mass spectrometer where they are separated according to mass, detected, multiplied and counted.

50. 14-05-2007 S.Bianco CMS Frascati - LNF Scientific Committee 50 Analitical methods:INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Spectrometry) INAA is a non-destructive trace element technique, capable of measuring up to 35 elements at the ppb to percent level in most materials. INAA is dependent on measuring primary gamma radiation which is emitted by the radioactive isotopes produced by irradiating samples in a nuclear reactor. Each element which is activated will emit a “fingerprint” of gamma radiation which can be measured and quantified.INAA is a non-destructive trace element technique, capable of measuring up to 35 elements at the ppb to percent level in most materials. INAA is dependent on measuring primary gamma radiation which is emitted by the radioactive isotopes produced by irradiating samples in a nuclear reactor. Each element which is activated will emit a “fingerprint” of gamma radiation which can be measured and quantified. 1.Instrumental (INAA & XRF) – Are non-destructive analytical technique capable of detecting multiple elements without the need of putting the sample into solution.