1. A GUT FEELING ABOUT ENZYMES... Devin B. Houston, Ph.D. President Houston Nutraceuticals, Inc AUTISM ONE CONFERENCE CHICAGO, IL MAY 2008

2. Devin Houston: BA, BS, PhD PhD Biochemist - enzyme research since 1981 NIH-funded researcher at UVa and SLU med schools Director of Research for enzyme manufacturer Enzyme product formulator and inventor Started own company in 2001

3. Why we need “digestion”...

5. Autism can disrupt digestion... Gut inflammation (injury) from mercury, yeast, toxins, etc. Malabsorption syndromes Developmental delay Food allergies, other immune system problems

6. Some foods are not well-tolerated in autism... Wheat (gluten) Dairy (casein) Soy protein (soymorphin) Certain carbohydrates Polyphenolic compounds, salicylates, oxalates Others

7. Restoring gut health is important... Restore “good” flora of GI tract (pre- and pro-biotics) Reduce inflammation (“leaky gut”) caused by foods Eliminate potential future allergens

8. Food restriction can be helpful... Gluten-free casein-Free diet Specific carbohydrate diet Low oxalate diet Body ecology diet

9. ...but diets may not be practical or possible. Nutritional insufficiency? Family lifestyles Cost and/or availability

10. Enzymes may be an alternative to diets... Achieves same goal as diet: reduction of food offender Used as alternative to or with diets Targets only the offending food component: peptide, carb, etc. Faster results observed Less costly, more convenient

11. Observed effects of enzymes: Speech may start or improve Better focus, eye contact and attention Less stimming Improvements often noted by “blinded” third-parties Bowel movements improve More interest in trying other foods; increased weight gain Positive benefits noted even in those already on diet

12. What are enzymes? Protease Enzyme Protein Substrate Active Site Amino acids Enzymes keep working as long as substrate is available and conditions are favorable for enzyme function.

13. How do plant-based enzymes help? Break down foods more thoroughly Work in stomach before food moves into intestine Prevent formation of offending peptides Body gains more nutrition from food Better gut function, complements pancreatic function Some enzymes are anti-inflammatory

14. Are enzymes safe? Plant-based enzymes used for centuries No record of any toxicity observed in animals or humans FDA considers these enzymes as food additives Safest supplements on the market

15. Which enzyme(s) do I need? Identify Problem BehavioralGI related Protein? High Protease Peptidase Loose stools? Lactase Amylase Glucoamylase Galactosidase Constipation? Xylanase Glucanase Cellulase? Carbs? Lactase Amylase Glucoamylase Phenols? Xylanase

16. Specific enzymes for specific problems... DPP IV peptidase for exorphin peptides Certain carbohydrases for firming stool Other carbohydrases for softening stool Some enzymes address phenols (natural food colorings, flavors, some artificial compounds) May help anti-fungal compounds work better

17. Exorphin peptides... Derived from food protein: casein, gluten, soy, blood Result from normal digestive process Are opiates: interact with opiate receptors, induce analgesia, etc May act differently in those with ASD compared to “normal”

18. Exorphin peptides... Reduction often produces observable positive effects in behavior May be reduced through elimination diet, OR... May be prevented by appropriate enzyme use

19. -tyr-pro-phe-pro-glu-pro- ile- (1) Pepsin(2) Elastase Bovine Casein Casomorphin x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x Digestive formation of casomorphin -tyr-pro-phe-pro-glu-pro- ile-

20. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) Only known enzyme to degrade casomorphin Found in the cells lining the interior GI tract DPP IV found in fungal enzyme blends (Houston, 1999) Very specific, but slow, enzyme

21. DPP IV tyr-pro-phe-pro -glu-pro-ile DPP IV effect on casomorphin

22. phe- pro- (1) Pepsin Bovine Casein DPP IV In Stomach Casein amino acid sequence affected by DPP IV x-x-x-x- -x-x-x-xtyr-pro-glu- pro- il e No casomorphin formed!

23. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) Only known enzyme to degrade casomorphin Found in the cells lining the interior GI tract DPP IV found in fungal enzyme blends (Houston, 1999) Very specific, but slow, enzyme

24. (1) Pepsin (2) Elastase tyr-pro-phe-pro-glu-pro-ile Bovine Casein Casomorphin Protease 4.5 Protease 6.0 X X Blocked peptide formation by multiple proteases... -x-x-x-x pro- glu- pro-ile x-x-x-x-tyr-pro-phe-

25. Enzyme dosing: Experimentation encouraged, no toxicity, safe dosing Try taking enzymes at beginning of meal Base dosing on size of meal, not body weight or age May be taken with most medications or other supplements Effective with first dose for digestive results

26. Reasons to try enzymes... Results often seen faster than with diets Inexpensive No special medical attention or testing required May be a better fit to family’s lifestyle

27. Contact information - Devin Houston, PhD O: 866-757-8627 E: devin.houston@houstonni.comdevin.houston@houstonni.com Web: www.houstonni.com