1. Shedding Light on the LED Hype Commercial Applications This document was specifically prepared to aid utility account managers and their customers. Any other use of this material (in whole or in part) is not allowed without the expressed written consent of Tech Resources, Inc., 2025 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc.

2. Meet Your Panelists  Mike Carter  Mark Farrell © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 2

3. 3 (4.89) 30.4% LED Webinar Benefits  Cut through the hype  Be comfortable speaking with customers  Expand knowledge of terms and pros/cons  Identify energy-efficiency opportunities Large Office Building

4. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 4 Contents  Lighting Fundamentals  LED History  How It Works  Lighting Comparison  Specific Applications Indoor Lighting Exit Signs Traffic Lights Street Lighting  Best Applications Osram® OSTAR Lighting Source: EERE

5. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 5 Lighting Fundamentals  Lumens—A measure of the perceived power of light. Constant output regardless of distance from source  Foot-candle—One lumen of light distributed over a square foot area. Depends on the distance from the light source Does not hold for focused fixtures like flood lamps Can be measured using a light meter

6. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 6 Lighting Fundamentals  Color Rendering Index (CRI)—A measurement of a light source’s ability to render colors the same as sunlight does. CRI describes to what degree the light spectrum source is filled out. 65CRI 92CRI

7. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 7 Lighting Fundamentals  Color Correlated Temperature (CCT)—The apparent/ perceived color of a light source compared to the color appearance of an ideal incandescent light source at a particular temperature, expressed in degrees Kelvin (K). <3,200K is visually warm or red/yellow (good for reading)  Incandescent ~2,800K >4,000K is visually cool or blue (good for inspection)  Sunlight ~5,500K Source: PHOTOWORKSHOP.COM

8. Lighting Fundamentals  White light is a mix of many different colors across the visible lighting spectrum. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 8 Source: EERE

9. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 9 LED History  Henry J. Round, an assistant to Marconi in England Published a short note in Electrical World in 1907 reporting a “bright glow” from a carborundum diode  Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a Russian research technician Observed light emission from crystal rectifier diodes used in radio receivers Granted a patent entitled “Light Relay” in 1929 Oleg Vladimirovich Losev Source: Nikolay Zheludev

10. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 10 LED History  Robert Biard and Gary Pittman, Texas Instruments employees, create "invisible" infrared light-emitting diode (LED) from gallium arsenide (GaAs) in 1961  Nick Holonyak, Jr, a GE employee, creates visible red LED in 1962 Nick Holonyak, Jr Source: Wikipedia Commons

11. How It Works  Semiconductor material acts as a one-way valve Semiconductor material Current only flows from the p-side anode to the n-side cathode  Material doped with “impurities” Holes created in p-side anode  Boron, aluminum, or gallium Free electrons in n-side cathode  Antimony, arsenic, or phosphorous  Voltage forces holes and electrons into the middle p-n junction  Photons of light emitted when electrons drop into holes  Direct current (dc) power Zero mercury content © 2010 Tech Resources Inc.11 Source: Wikipedia Commons

12. How It Works  Two types of LEDs Low power  About 0.1 watt High power  Around 1 watt © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 12 Source: Philips LumiLEDs TM

13. How It Works  Material selection determines colors Different colors require different power White is achieved one of two ways  Combine RGB (low CRI scores, despite good color rendering)  Coat a blue LED with yellow phosphor (high CCT/blue shift) © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 13 ColorWavelengthMaterial Voltage at 350 ma Min. Flux, lumens Watts per 100 lumen Red?AlGaAs2.130.6-51.71.8 Green?AlGaP3.467.2-1001.4 Blue?InGaN3.223.5-30.64.2 WhitemixYAG:Ce3.267.2-1141.2 Data Source: Cree, Inc. product literature

14. Lighting Comparison © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 14 90% heat; 10% light 20% heat; 80% light Source: ENERGY STAR  Heat loss in LEDs is through conduction, not radiation  Heat is the enemy of performance for LEDs Tested at 25°C (77°F) but operated at 60°C (140°F) Excessive heat and cold diminish fluorescent performance

15. Lighting Comparison  Electrical current driver circuit instead of ballast  LED efficacy (lpw) decreases with higher CRI or lower CCT (warm shift)  Frequent switching does not affect rated life for LEDs as it does for fluorescents  Directional nature of LED results in very high luminaire efficacy © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 15 2,700 K3,500 K4,000 K5,000 K 70+ CRI0.93Baseline 1.061.25 90+ CRI0.680.750.810.87 Source: Prescolite D6LED Specifications

16. Lighting Comparison  Very compact and low-profile  Nothing to “break”  No abrupt failure mode  Instant on (no warm-up time required)  ENERGY STAR qualified LED lights consume 75% less energy than conventional incandescent lights © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 16 Source: EERE

17. Lighting Comparison  Comparison with traditional lighting  DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting (CALiPER) program benchmarks LED products(CALiPER) program © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 17 Type Rated Life, hours Lumens per WattCRI Lumen Maintenance LED50,00025-8070-9095-98%* Incandescent750-1,50010-1710095% Fluorescent10,000-20,00060-10080-8690-95% *At 40% fluorescent rated life; 70% to 90% at 50,000 hours

18. Incandescent A-Lamp Replacement  CALiPER tested A-lamps (25, 40, and 60 watts) against ten A-lamp LEDs and five decorative LEDs (0.7 to 14 watt) CFLs perform better LEDs $25 to $50 each © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 18 Type (tested)WattsLumensLPWCRIPF A-lamp403879.91001.0 LED (2)1442530500.60 CFL1166060820.60 A-lamp251817.51001.0 LED (4)519238750.45 CFL525050820.60

19. Linear Fluorescent Replacement  CALiPER tested four different “drop-in” 4-foot retrofit LED products Poor LED lumens per watt output Very narrow LED light distribution Over $50 per LED lamp © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 19 Type (tested)WattsLumensLPWCCT (K)CRIPF LED (3)21974467,939740.60 T8323,081963,932810.99 T12393,101802,884840.89

20. MR16 Reflector Lamp Replacement  CALiPER tested ten different MR16 LED products Requires 3 LED lamps for 1 halogen for equal lumens Compatibility with low-voltage transformers can be an issue LED cost is $15 to $20 compared to halogen cost of $4 to $6 © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 20 Source: NIST Type (tested)WattsLumensLPWCCT (K)CRIPF LED (10)490253961780.63 Halogen (6)29263132862991.0

21. Recessed Downlights  Competition from reflector-rated CFLs from 15 to 26 watts that deliver 720 to 1,300 lumens  Directional nature of LEDs is an advantage  Removing heat from the can is a real challenge for R-CFLs and LEDs  Cree LED Lighting LR6 6" LED Recessed Downlight at 12 watts and 650 lumens costs around $100 © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 21 Source: EERE

22. Recessed Downlights  LED performance generally matches R-CFLs © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 22 65W BR-30 Flood* 15W R-30 CFL LED* Luminaire light output, initial (lumens)570675730 Luminaire wattage (W)651512 Luminaire efficacy (lm/W)94560 CCT (Kelvin)2,700 K CRI1008295 Center beam candlepower (candela)510 cd200 cd280 cd Beam angle (degrees)55°120°105° Average luminance at 45° (cd/sq meter)27,267 17,50016,439 DimmableYNY *Data Source: EERE

23. Exit Signs  Annual cost of ownership for LED exit signs is much less than for fluorescent exit signsLED exit signs © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 23 Wattage Rated Life, yrs Initial Cost Annual Energy Cost Annual Maintenance Cost Total Annual Ownership Costs Incandescent400.5$6$25$10$47 Fluorescent111-1.5$22$7$5$30 LED56-10$22$30$6 Sources: Stock Exchange and DOE IncandescentFluorescent LED

24. Traffic Lights  Typically replace red and green lights Yellow is illuminated only 3% of the time  LEDs consume 8 to 15 watts compared to 70 to 150 watts for incandescents LEDs cost $80 to $170 compared to $3 for bulbs Minimum five year simple payback  Very directional visibility However, colored lenses for incandescents blocks much of the light  Adapts to battery backup during outages © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 24 Source: Stock Exchange

25. Street Lighting  Lumen maintenance higher for LEDs vs HID lighting  Color rendering and uniformity for LEDs are better than HPS Minimum illuminance levels equal to HPS LEDs are Dark Skies compliant  Simple payback of 3 to 10 years minimum Capital cost of $850 for LED vs $250 for HPS or CMH cobra head Energy savings of 30% to 50% © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 25 Data Source: EERE LED (left) vs HPS (right) Source: Beta Lighting & EERE

26. Street Lighting  LED performance matches HPS and CMH © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 26 150W HPS150W CMHLED Luminaire (system) watts183W167W153W CCT2,000 K3,000 K6,000 K CRI228075 Rated lamps lumens, initial16,00011,900n/a Downward luminaire efficiency70%81%n/a Downward luminaire lumens, initial 11,2009,63910,200 Luminaire efficacy (lumens per watt) 61 lpw58 lpw67 lpw Data Source: EERE

27. ENERGY STAR LED Criteria © 2008 Tech Resources Inc. 27 OmnidirectionalDecorativeDirectional CRI≥ 80 Power Factor (>5W)≥ 0.7 Efficacy (lpw) <10W≥ 50 lpw≥ 40 lpw≥ 40 lpw (≤20/8˝Ø) ≥10W≥ 55 lpw≥ 40 lpw≥ 45 lpw (<20/8˝Ø) Lumens (min.) at replacement wattages 10W--70100 25W200150250 60W800500600 100W1,600--1,000 Lumen Maintenance @ 25,000 hours ≥ 70%

28. Best LED Applications  Undercabinet lighting  In-cabinet accent lighting  Adjustable task lighting  Refrigerated case lighting  Outdoor area lighting  Elevator lighting  Recessed downlights  Art display lighting © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 28  Accent lights  Step and path lighting  Cove lighting  Spaces with occupancy sensors  Food preparation areas  Retail display cases Source: EERE

29. © 2010 Tech Resources Inc. 29 Questline  Go to www.questline.com  Provided by: Tech Resources 2025 Riverside Drive Columbus, OH 43221 800-824-0488 mcarter@questline.com  This document was specifically prepared to aid utility account managers who are working with commercial and industrial customers. Any other use of this material (in whole or in part) is not allowed without the expressed written consent of Tech Resources, Inc., 2025 Riverside Drive, Columbus, OH 43221.