1. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases

2.  Unit 5 Objectives: Knowledge of animal diseases associated with the reproductive and urinary tracts Understanding of causes, symptoms, and treatments Appreciation for importance of preventative measures and economic cost of control

3. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Cystic Ovarian Disease Cause economic loss due to increased calving interval Occurs in swine and cattle  Leading cause of infertility in sows  Associated w/ periparturient stresses in cattle RP’s, milk fever, low BCS, etc.

4. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Can be:  Follicular & Luteal Results from failure of an ovulatory egg to ovulate Normal hormonal cycles are obstructed  Cystic copora lutea Occur after normal ovulation Follicle remains fluid filled May conceive and maintain pregnancy to term

5. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Clinical Signs  Cows May show: Anestrus  No sign of heat at all Nymphomania  Frequent, irregular, prolonged estrus  Can be detected via rectal palpation >2.5cm

6. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Treatment  Some may resolve spontaneously  GnRH can help resolve (>80% success)  Manual removal by ‘popping’ during palpation Can form blood clot on the ovary Reduce egg production

8. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Retained Fetal Membranes Placenta remained attached to uterine wall Mares  Afterbirth should be discharged w/in 30 min Cows  Should clean w/in 12 hrs Twins  Fetal membranes must be discharged from both uterine horns

9. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Very costly effect  Lower milk production  Decreased appetite  Fever  DA  Increased days open  Increased days to first service  Reduced first service conception rate  Increased services per conception

10. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Causes  Associated w/ Dystocia Twinning Abortion Vit A, Vit E, Se deficiencies Premature birth Induced birth Milk fever Prolonged gestation

11. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Treatment  Manual removal Not recommended Traumatizes uterine lining Reduces subsequent fertility  Oxytocin, prostaglandins Help induce hormonal ejection  5-10g warm water at parturition  Observe for systematic illnesses  Antibiotic therapy

12. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Sow Treat w/ oxytocin therapy  Mare Critical to treat ASAP because of quick development of fatal infections Call vet if placenta is not expelled within an hour of birth Prevention  Proper nutrition balanced for energy, protein, and minerals  Use BCS

13. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Bovine Leptospirosis Characterized by abortion, failure to secrete milk High percentage show no symptoms Clinical Signs  7-10d incubation  Anorexia  High fever (105-107)  Urine may be coffee colored  Milk yellows (like colostrum)

14. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Cows will usually abort 7-10d following fever  May see 25-40% abortion w/out clinical signs  Porcine Leptospirosis May stay subclinical, except for abortion May be known as repeat breeder syndrome

15. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Clinical Signs  Also 7d incubation  Fever 2-4d  Abortion in sows >59d May also abort ~3 wks prior to farrowing Pigs may be born alive but die Some mummies  Equine Leptospirosis Similar symptomology Causes aborted or weak foals

16. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Preventing Lepto Purchase tested animals Quarantine Vaccination  2x/yr  Lepto Treatment Blood transfusion Antibiotics  Treatment may be long-term to eliminate shedders

17. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Pyometra Inflammation of uterine mucosa (accumulation of pus) Somewhat common after postpartum infection Occurs in all species Clinical signs  Anestrus Due to incomplete recession of CL

18. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  May be small amounts of pus, or up to 3g in a sealed uterus  Diagnosis by palpation Treatment  Drug therapy  Siphoning  Intrauterine antibiotic treatment

19. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Bovine Metritis Inflammation of the uterus Cause  Usually due to lack of sanitation when assisting w/ dystocia, treatment of RP’s, AI  Bulls can also spread Clinical signs  Severe uterine discharge  Can have purulent smell  Sometimes resulting in fever

20. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Prevention  Use sanitation when pulling calves, working w/ RP’s  Treat all RP’s w/ intrauterine antibiotic boluses Treatment  Intrauterine antibiotics  IM prostaglandins

21. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Mastitis Most costly disease to the dairy industry  $200/cow/yr Inflammation of the mammary Decreases/causes:  Milk production  Milk secretory cells  Systemic illness  Occasional death

22. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Cause  Bacterial penetration into the udder  Related to: Teat end trauma Improper machine function Environmental contamination  Protection against organisms through: Teat ends Keratin w/ antibacterial qualities Immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, neutrophils  Kills mastitis through phagocytosis (engulf harmful bacteria)

23. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Contagious Mastitis Transferred during milking from infected hands, machine, etc. Staph Aureus  Most common  Greatly increases SCC  Udder protects the infection  Mostly subclinical symptoms  Poor antibiotic response  Must prevent only, or cull

24. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Strep Ag  Also thrives w/in mammary  More susceptible to treatment  Can be eliminated through dry cow treatment, teat dipping  Environmental Mastitis Inflammation due to poor environment sanitation Strep Uberis  Common on the skin  Multiplies in bedding

25. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Infection most common during the dry period Coliform  E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter  Gram negative mastitis  Contamination during unsanitary milking  Severe infection, fever, watery to light- colored milk Mycoplasma bovus  Thick purulent milk  Hard, swollen udder  Sharp drop in production

26. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Can only control through culling  Prevent spread by proper hygiene Clinical Signs  Clinical mastitis signs Off-color, clumpy, curdly, stringy milk Red, hot, swollen udder Fever  Subclinical Mastitis signs Elevated SCC w/out clinical symptoms Most costly SCC >500,000 = 10% production loss

27. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases SCC >1m = 16% production loss Detection through culturing, bulk tank SCC, or CMT Current limit is 750,000 SCC Goal for well-managed dairy = 200,000 SCC w/ 85% of herd <200,000 SCC Prevention  Proper machine operation  Sanitary milking procedures  Clean environment  Dry cow treatment

28. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Treatment  Varies w/ the severity of the case  Mild cases may respond to oxytocin treatment  Moderate cases Intramammary antibiotics Packages in single-use tubes Can be over-the-counter, or prescription drugs Follow milk withdrawals  Severe cases Must treat systemically

29. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases If untreated, or slow to treat, cow may become septic IV and oral fluids  Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia (MMA) Major problem w/ sows & gilts at farrowing Each component may occur alone, or together

30. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Cause  E. coli, Actinobacillus, Clostridia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, etc. Clinical signs  Loss of appetite, fever, shivering, foul- smelling discharge, hot/hard udder, refusal to stand, disregard for litter  Clinical signs may or may not be exhibited, depending on disease and extent

31. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases Prevention  Sound management, nutrition, sanitation, husbandry  Manage body condition, reduce stress Treatment  Cross-fostering litter to normal mother  Antibiotics  Oxytocin  Relief of constipation  Milk replacer

32. Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases  Oral antibiotic to the piglet to prevent disease transfer