1. Pethidine: Gap Between Evidence and Practice Professor Richard Day Dept of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney Prepared with the assistance of Suzie Welch & Karen Kaye

2. Practice Pethidine prescribing: July–September 2001 Pethidine continues to be prescribed for analgesia in Emergency Departments

3. Evidence Pethidine is not the strong analgesic of choice in Emergency Departments

4. Evidence-based Guidelines In emergency medicine Pethidine: has a shorter duration of action but no additional analgesic benefit over morphine has just as many side-effects as morphine including increased biliary pressure is metabolised to norpethidine  potential toxic effects (eg convulsions), especially in patients with renal dysfunction National Health and Medical Research Council Acute Pain Management: scientific evidence (1999)

5. Evidence-based Guidelines In emergency medicine Pethidine: is associated with potentially serious drug interactions is the drug most commonly requested by patients seeking opioids is the drug most commonly abused by health professionals. National Health and Medical Research Council Acute Pain Management: scientific evidence (1999)

6. Evidence-based Guidelines In renal colic Parenteral NSAIDs better than opioids for renal colic Rectal NSAIDs as effective as parenteral NSAIDs in renal colic Note: Early analgesia does not reduce detection rate of serious pathology, eg acute abdomen National Health and Medical Research Council Acute Pain Management: scientific evidence (1999)

7. Evidence-based Guidelines Therapeutic Guidelines: Analgesic, Version 4 (2002)  In renal colic / biliary colic or acute pancreatitis  No evidence for preferential use of pethidine  NSAIDs effective in biliary colic  NSAIDs more effective than opioids in renal colic  Use morphine iv or NSAID (pr or im)  Consider smooth muscle relaxants in renal / biliary colic (eg hyoscine-n- butylbromide)

8. Evidence-based Guidelines chronic/recurrent non-malignant pain NSW Therapeutic Assessment Group (NSW TAG) Pain Guidelines: Version 2 (2002) for chronic/recurrent non-malignant pain  Consider non-opioids first  If opioids required for chronic pain use oral route  Only use injectable opioids for severe acute pain unrelated to existing chronic pain (eg fracture, MI) – morphine preferred  Notes:  Don’t withold analgesia if clinically indicated  Consider pain management plan with patient  Communicate with GP / pain team  Treat pain effectively – don’t underdose

9. Dependence, Tolerance and Addiction Physical Dependence Altered physiological state whereby repeated dosing is necessary to prevent withdrawal. Related to tolerance with opioids. Tolerance After repeated doses, larger doses are required to obtain same effect n --> may occur with as little as 1 week therapy n Addiction – Behavioural pattern characterised by cyclical craving for and overwhelming involvement with drug use and procurement, with a high tendency to recidivism. --> not a problem with correct use of opioids

10. Evidence-based Guidelines NSW Therapeutic Assessment Group (NSW TAG) Pain Guidelines: Version 2 (2002)  In low back pain Stepwise approach to short-term analgesia:  Paracetamol or aspirin  NSAIDs (oral / rectal / im)  Weak opioids (codeine, tramadol) If strong opioids required, aim for oral route Note:  Investigate appropriately  Encourage early return to normal activity  Explain condition and promote patient self- management with non-pharmacological approaches

11. Evidence-based Guidelines NSW Therapeutic Assessment Group (NSW TAG) Pain Guidelines: Version 2 (2002)  In migraine Treat early with previously effective anti- migraine therapy:  Paracetamol or aspirin  NSAIDs (oral / rectal / im)  Triptans, ergotamine Consider chlorpromazine & rehydration in ED If treated early, strong opioids should not be required. For treatment failures: morphine iv Encourage patient self-management for future Promote use of pain diary and pain management plan Communicate with GP

12. Practice note EDs can survive without pethidine: Central Coast (Gosford Hospital) St Vincent’s Public Orange Base St George Tweed Heads have all implemented “no pethidine in ED” rule