1. Selecting, refining and Defining Research Problems
Dr. Nazik Zakari Dr. Hanan A. Ezzat
Dr. Olfat Salem
Nursing Administration & Education Dept.

2. Definitions
Research Topic: The broad general area expected to investigate. It is a broad idea or concept from which many problems may be delineated.
Research Problem: A situation or circumstance that requires a solution to be described, explained, or predicted. It is an unsatisfactory situation that wants you to confront.

3. Definitions
If there is a knowledge gap in an area that need to be investigated, the research problem identifies this gap. Where as the research topic is simply a broad area of interest, the research problem identifies what is problematic about that topic.
Research Statement: A statement specifies exactly what is being studied.

4. Definitions The research statement should include six elements:
Information about the research topic that provoked the study
The scope of the problem (e.g.. how many people are affected by it).
Why it is important to study the problem

5. Definitions The research statement should include six elements:
How nursing science would be influenced by the study
General characteristics of the population of interest
The overall goal or aim of the study or the question to be answered.

6. Example of a problem statement
Hazardous noise is an important occupational health problem because it leads to hearing loss and may lead to increased stress and other deleterious physiological effects… More than 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job…Use of hearing protection devices, specifically ear plugs is known to reduce noise exposure and prevent noise – induced hearing loss… there are, however, relatively few investigators who have examined factors related to the low use of hearing protection by workers.

7. Research Purpose
It is the specific aim or goal hope to be accomplished. It reflects “ why the problem is being studied”
Example of a purpose statement:
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between nurse’s job satisfaction and tendency to leave.

8. Research Question
It is a direct rewording of the statement of the purpose phrased interrogatively rather than declaratively
Questions that are simple and direct invite an answer and help to focus attention on the kinds of data needed to provide that answer.

9. Research Question
Example of a research question:
What is the relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and their tendency to leave the work setting?

10. Sources of research problems
Where do ideas for research problems come from?
Social issues
Ideas from external sources
Research priorities
Clinical experience
Nursing literature

11. Development of a research problem
Step 1: Selection of the research topic:
write down general areas of interest
At this stage, it doesn’t matter if the terms used are broad or specific, abstract or concrete., The important point is to put ideas on papers.

12. Development of a research problem
Step 1: Selection of the research topic:
Then a list of ideas can be classified into Interesting topics.
Familiar topics.
Perplexing topics
Feasible/not feasible topics
And then, choose the most suitable one to work in

13. Development of a research problem
Step 2: Contemplating the ideas : then explore the phenomena by examining the following eight areas
The topic’s, situation’s problem’s precipitating factors.
How it is exactly viewed or perceived by the researcher.
What are the responses of others who are involved in the situation?
The personal involvement in the situation.

14. Development of a research problem
Step 2: Contemplating the ideas :
Emotions felt.
Values and biases inherent in or related to the topic/situation.
Risk factors associated with searching this topic/situation/problem.
What contribution the research would offer.

15. Development of a research problem
Step 3: Narrowing the topic
Once a research topic has been specified and contemplate, the researcher must then narrow it down in order to develop a research problem.
This is done through generating questions from the research topic.
List of questions can be developed from the research topic, and then investigated in relation to its feasibility to research.

16. Development of a research problem
Reviewing the related literature at this stage may throw light on:
Theoretical framework.
Methodology.
Data collection methods.
Data collection tools

17. Development of a research problem
Data collection techniques.
Sampling method…etc.
Review of literature will also help to identify what is known and what is not known about the research problem. Therefore, the research problem could be specified and stated at this point.

18. Development of a research problem
Step 5: Writing the statement of the research problem :
Expressed in a statement
This statement serves as a guide to the researcher in the course of designing the study.

19. Development of a research problem
Step 5: Writing the statement :
The problem statement should have the following characteristics:
Identify the key variables in the study.
Express a relationship between two or more variables. (If not descriptive).
Specify the study population.
Imply the type of the research.
Identify the study setting.

20. Development of a research problem
The problem statement could be done in two forms:
Declarative: “The relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and tendency to leave work”
Interrogative: “ Is there a relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and tendency to leave work?”

21. Evaluation of the research problem
Time: enough time will be available for the various steps of the research.
Timing :When the timing requirement of a task do not match
Money : the researcher should ask the following questions:
Will I have enough money to complete this research?
Will be any sources for funding the research?
Does the anticipated cost outweigh the value of the expected findings?

22. Development of a research problem
Availability of research participants:
Ethical consideration
Facilities and equipment
Co operation of the others
Researchability
Qualifications and experience of the researcher
Significance of the problem

23. Research hypothesis
It is the research’s prediction of the outcome of the research study. That is the expected relationship between the study variables.
Thus, RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS translates the research purpose into a clear prediction of the expected results or outcome of the study

24. Research hypothesis
Importance of R.H.:
It provides direction for the type of research (i.e. design, sampling, data collection .. etc.).
Suggests the type of statistical analysis to be used in the study.
Identifies the variables to be manipulated and/or measured

25. Research hypothesis
How to state a R.H.:
Research hypothesis should be stated clearly, concisely, measurably, and in the present tense.
For a hypothesis to be stated clearly, concisely, and measurably, three criteria should be considered:

26. Research hypothesis
Three criteria should be considered:
A relationship should be addressed in each hypothesis.
The variable/condition/relationship must be testable or measurable.
The aim of the research guides what is included in the research hypothesis.

27. Research hypothesis
When the research aim is to describe, the R.H. will include the target population and study variables.
When the research aim is to explore, the R.H. makes prediction about population and the relationship among study variables.
When the research aim is to predict, the R.H. concentrates on the population and independent variables.

28. Research hypothesis Types of hypothesis Simple
It predicts the relationship o\between one independent variable and one dependent variable.
Example:
Newborns of smoking mothers (I.V) have lower birth weight (D.V.) than those of non-smoking mothers.
Lower levels of exercise postpartum (I.V) will be associated with greater weight retention (D.V )

29. Research hypothesis Types of hypothesis
Complex
It predicts the relationship between 2 or more I.V. and 2 or more D.V.
Example:
Structured preoperative support (IV).is more effective in reducing surgical patient’s perception of pain (D.V) and request of analgesics (D.V) than structured post operative support (i.v.)

30. Research hypothesis Associative
It predicts an association between the I.V. and the D.V. without specifying either a directional or causal relation.
Example:
Maternal age (I.V.) is associated with pregnancy complications (D.V)

31. Research hypothesis Causal
It predicts a cause-and effect relationship between the I.V. and D.V.
Example:
Older mothers (I.V.) give birth to newborns with lover age (D.V.) than those of younger mother (I.V)

32. Null Research hypothesis
It predicts no relationship between I.V. and D.V.
It is used when statistical testing procedures are applied to the data.
Example:
There is no relationship between maternal smoking and newborn’s birth weight.

33. Research hypothesis Alternative
It is the opposite of the null hypothesis. So, it predicts a relationship between the I.V. and D.V.
Example:
All the previous examples are alternative hypotheses.