1. WP1 Task 1.1-1.3 Task leaders: 1.1 (CRES), 1.2 (INF&MP), 1.3 (UNIBO). Lisbon 3rd Workshop Meeting 18-19 November 2010. “Non-food Crops-to-Industry schemes in EU27” Lorenzo Nissen and Andrea Monti UniBO

2. Task 1.1 - Oil crops (CRES, ITERG, UNIBO) “...UniBO will report on the oil crops for lubricants, solvents and polymers”. Task 1.2 - Fibre crops (INF&MP, UNIBO, CRES) “…UniBO will report on fruit and leaf fibers” Task 1.3 - Carbohydrate crops (UNIBO, CRES) Topics covered

3. CAPER SPURGE Euphorbia lagascae Euphorbia lathyris Euphorbiaceae rare casual biennial waste places and gardens Domestic Wild E. Lagascae distribution is limited compared to E. lathyris (North to South USA and EU). Task 1.1 [1][2][3] [4] A new oil crops within the Eu. The seeds contain nearly 50% oil, of which 80-85% is oleic acid. Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin suggested L. lathyris as an “oil plant" up to 150 cm 3-4 flower heads 3-4 seeds per head

4. CAPER SPURGE Euphorbia lagascae Euphorbiaceae Task 1.1 CONSTRAINTS seed shedding foliage rich in vesicant latex BREEDING High vernolic line YIELDS seeds ~ 5 T/Ha oil 2,5 T/Ha epoxy oil higher performance lineseed oil, soybean oils 1.7% latex f.w. epoxy fa antioxidant anti-histamine anti-inflammatory (prostate cancer) antioxidant fertility UV skin protection immune modulator Folk medicine since Euphorbos low weight hydrocarbon Polyciclic terpenoid etilene xilene propilene toluene

5. SAFFLOWER Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae One humanity’s oldest crops, but minor crop. Production 600000 T/y Worldwide. India, US, Ethiopia, China Task 1.1 20°S 40°N [2][1] [4] [3] 30 to 150 cm 1-5 flower heads with 15-20 seeds per head "high quality" edible oil linoleic and oleic oil varieties dryland crop rotation (not before Sunflower) Biofuel Low temp prop

6. SAFFLOWER Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae Task 1.1 CONSTRAINTS spineless cvs = little oil content frost sensitive BREEDING flower color degree of spininess oil content resistance YIELDS seeds up to 5 T/ha oil up to 1,5 T/ha cartamin safflower yellow Present interest centres on types with different fatty acid profiles in the seed oil, which are suitable for lubricants, paints and varnishes. Seeds = 32-40% oil

7. First cultivation in Egypt 4000 BC. Nowadays 60% in India. Cultivation India and China Brazil (“mamona oil” to produce biodiesel). Eu: Sardinia and France. Task 1.1 CASTOR OIL Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Two major type-species: 1) high oleic acid content, 2) high linoleic acid content CONSTRAINTS frost sensitive BREEDING dwarf line free pollination YIELDS seeds 1-2 T/ha (dry) seeds up to 4 T/ha (wet) [3][2][1] [4] 1 to 10 m 5-20 Racems

8. CASTOR Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Task 1.1 The Egyptians burned castor oil in their lamps more than 4,000 years ago Food Dyes Insulin Wide range applications in folk medicine Inflammation epilepsy dermatitis contraceptive

9. Oil ~ coconut and palm oils, rich in medium-chain triglycerids. C. painteri >73% in caprylic acid C. carthagenensis >80% in lauric acid C. koehneana >95% in capric acid the richest natural source in single fatty acid 260 species. Annual and perennial flowering plants. American origin Best cropping results Mediterrean countries Experimental in NL CUPHEA Cuphea spp. Lythraceae Task 1.1 CONSTRAINTS seed shatter indeterminate flowering overall stickiness [1] [3] [2] BREEDING C. viscosissima x C. lanceolata High Capric Cuphea line Partial Seed Retention line (ARS USDA) YIELDS est. seed yield: 2500 Kg/ha est. oil yield: 625 Kg/ha 30 to 150 cm 1-5 flower heads with 15-20 seeds per head

10. Task 1.1 US Market >500 M$ >100000 T/y to process EU import coconut and palm kernel food industry dairy industry beverage industry health care fornitures gardening monolaurin cooling applications decanoate esters nandrolone bromperidol piperazine caprylic acid lauric acid capric acid octanoic decanoic dodecanoic CUPHEA Cuphea spp. Lythraceae [4] MCT-oil market is expanding, MCT-oil now important as medical supplement (malabsorption). Production is still burdensome, synth MCT-oils from imported oil C8 and C10 fractions.

11. HONESTY Lunaria biennis Brassicaceae DomesticWild Annual/biennial ornamental plant. Southern Europe and Western Asia native Commercial interest: seeds contain high proportion of erucic and nervonic acids. Worldwide, hornamental plant. Oil plant in Germany, UK and NL. Task 1.1 [1][2] [3] [4] CONSTRAINTS T° vernalisation req. (10 weeks at 5 °C to flower) BREEDING FAE gene in B. carinata xxxx YIELDS seeds up to 2,5 T/ha xxxx Kg/ha 30 to 150 cm 1-5 flower heads with 15-20 seeds per head ?

12. HONESTY Lunaria biennis Brassicaceae Task 1.1 erucic acid nervonic acid Brassica carinata FAE gene Lunaria annua transformed plants nervonic acid = 40% total seed oil content + NRCC IPB experience monounsaturated ω-9 fatty acid myelin biosynthesis nerve cells sphingolipids high calorific value very low flash point high cetane number

13. Phoenix theophrastii Arecaceae Arecales [2] [1] [4] Task 1.2 Palmitic acid the most abundant, 12.5%, β-sitosterol the most prevalent phytosterol 29.46% of total unsaponifiable lipid fraction Polyphenols with Strong antioxidant activity main fatty acids: myristic (3–14%), palmitic (8–15%) stearic (1.5–5.5%) [3] [4] Up to 10 m Arab origin, Crete Island 300 bc.

14. BANANA Musa spp. Cucurbitaceae Task 1.2 Canarias wasted banana 20.000 ton/y Canarias Andalucia [3] [2][1] [4] high-quality natural fibre POLYMER processing: injections moulding rotational moulding Badana 7EUFP (false stem or leaves) plastics thermoplastics thermosetting plastics from banana waste: Bio-ethanol (CostaRica, Malaysia) Methane (Australia) Yields up to 50 T/ha, plantains up to 40 T/ha. Starch rich plantain sugar rich banana

15. YUCCA Yucca spp. Agavaceae Liliales Task 1.2 > 49 spp of bushes and threes. Native of Central and South America. The San Rossore Park experience (Prj. LIFE 2007-2009) with invasive Y. gloriosa Alberta Canada Baja California Mexico Firstly imported in UK in 1550 Then spread through the Mediterrean countries

16. juice obtained from the stems food canning Yucca products must not be confused with cassava tubers. foaming agent soft drinkssteroids 7700 T/y of juice (½ internal demand), 200000 ha → 15000 T/y juice Baja California experience (Y. schidigera): edible petals flower traditionally eaten in South America Phenolic derivatives with strong antioxidant activity Source of: Steroidal Glycosidases: steroidal saponins, steroidal sapogenins. cosmetics pharmaceuticals resveratrol, yuccaols, yuccaone Bagasse is a cattle fodder. Extract in animal nutrition to reduce faecal ammonia. YUCCA Yucca spp. Agavaceae Task 1.2

17. MAIZE Zea mays Poaceae Task 1.3 58°N 40°S 4000 m Sea level No grain Sweet corn food fodder Maize grain-ethanol biorefinery in the USA, which uses about 0.6 MT/y of grain to produce 250 ML ethanol (Cassman and Liska, 2007)

18. CASSAVA Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Task 1.3 >160 varieties bitter sweet prussic acid up to 0.02% HCN in the pulp prussic acid up to 0.007% HCN in the skin industrial starch food or fodder laundry paper textile sizing glue fuel tapioca whole flour baked goods alcoholic bev’s hog food CO 2 fix sucrose synth One of the highest rates, for any C3 plant

19. Solanum spp. Solanaceae Solonales Task 1.3 Ipomoea batatas Convolvolaceae Solonales POTATOES Wide waste potatoes (peels), ethanol production. Dioscorea spp. Dioscoreaceae Liliales Crisp bag production

20. Information collection from previous reviews Information collection from very recent research papers Selection of literature Revision of literature and Next Plans Report submission