1. Terrorism is not new Zealots Zealots Assassins Assassins Thugs Thugs

2. First Modern Wave Alexander II Pres. Garfield Pres. McKinley Alexander II Pres. Garfield Pres. McKinley 188118811901

3. Second Wave: Ethnonationalism Irgun bombing of King David Hotel, 1946 Irgun bombing of King David Hotel, 1946

4. Second Wave FLN members 1957, Algeria FLN members 1957, Algeria

5. Third Wave: Leftist Groups Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group) JRA members still wanted, 1990s JRA members still wanted, 1990s

6. Third Wave: Ethno-nationalists Yasr ArafatBlack September Yasr ArafatBlack September PLO ChairmanMunich, 1972

7. Views of Israel/Palestine

8. Post-1967

9. Detail of Post-1967

10. Fourth Wave: Sunni Radicalism Iranian Revolution Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) (1978-1979) provides inspirationforeign fighters provides inspirationforeign fighters formationgo home, formationgo home, of Afghan mujahadin form new groups of Afghan mujahadin form new groups or join existing or join existing Pakistan militarygroups, create a Pakistan militarygroups, create a allies with radicalglobal terror Islamic groups (1977-79)network provides sanctuary Ideological legacy USSR invades US, China, Pakistan Soviets Ideological legacy USSR invades US, China, Pakistan Soviets of radical Islamic AfghanistanEgypt, Saudi Arabia, withdraw of radical Islamic AfghanistanEgypt, Saudi Arabia, withdraw thought 1979and others funding, 1989 thought 1979and others funding, 1989 provides ideologysupplying, and training provides ideologysupplying, and training and inspirationmujahadin and jihadis and inspirationmujahadin and jihadis OBL and others recruit OBL and others recruit Saudi funded religious schools volunteers al-Qaeda (global) Saudi funded religious schools volunteers al-Qaeda (global) (madrassas) in Middle East from madrassasAbu Sayyaf (Phil.) (madrassas) in Middle East from madrassasAbu Sayyaf (Phil.) and Asia (1970s-1980s) in M. E. and AsiaGIA (Algeria) and Asia (1970s-1980s) in M. E. and AsiaGIA (Algeria) provides recruits with ideology (foreign fightersHAMAS or jihadis)Islamic Jihad IMU provides recruits with ideology (foreign fightersHAMAS or jihadis)Islamic Jihad IMU Jemaah Islamiah PIJ Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir… Jemaah Islamiah PIJ Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir…Time

11. Roots of Radical Sunni Ideology Anti-colonial nationalism Israel-Palestine issue Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Damascas) 1263-1328Deobandi Islam returning to original 1867 British-held India sources of Islam anti-colonial IslamAbu al-Ala MaududiAbdullah Azzam 1903-1979Palestinian 1941-1989 PakistanIntellectual mentor of OBL Purification of Islam is a key to independence from British Salafism Late 1800sRashid Rida, EgyptMuslim Brotherhood Sayyid Qutb return to1866-1935 Egypt 1928 1906-1966 original sourcesonly Salafi beliefs Hassan al-Banna Egypt Al-Qaeda can free Muslims rejects British colonialism member of MB Osama bin-Laden from colonialism rejects “westernization” of Islam purify Islam Ayman al-Zawahri rejects church/state separation violence if necessary anti-Israel Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab anti-US (Arabian Peninsula) “founder” of “Sunni 1703-1792 radicalism” return to original sources Milestones rejects Islamic pluralism condoned violence against apostates Abd-Al-Salam Al-Faraj anti-Ottoman, seen as foreign occupiers, apostates1932 Saudi Arabia becomes independent Egypt, 1952-1982 unifies Arabian regions and families disciple of Qutb under the al-Saud family The Neglected Duty Wahhabi Islam becomes the official creed Late 1700s Al-Saud family alliance with Wahhabi movement Saudi-sponsored madrassas globally, by late 20th century- Israel-Palestine issue

12. Radical Islamic Ideology I Nationalists and Transnationalists share: Salafists (pure Islam) Salafists (pure Islam) No pluralism in Islam (some Nationalists may allow it) No pluralism in Islam (some Nationalists may allow it) Anti-American Anti-American Anti-western Anti-western Anti-colonial (resistance or defense) Anti-colonial (resistance or defense)

13. Radical Islamic Ideology II Transnationalists vs. Nationalists Transnationalists Anti-nation-state Anti-nation-state Rebuild the CaliphateRebuild the Caliphate Anti-Democracy Anti-Democracy Example: AQAM Example: AQAMNationalists Goal of building or taking power in a nation-state Goal of building or taking power in a nation-state Democratic participation if advantageous Democratic participation if advantageous Example: Hamas and Hezbollah Example: Hamas and Hezbollah

14. Iranian Revolution

15. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

16. HAMAS v. PLO PLO Charter, 1968 PLO Charter, 1968 PLO Charter PLO Charter HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement), 1988 HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement), 1988Covenant