1. S556 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN Week 7

2. Artifacts SLIS S556 2  Artifacts are tangible things people create or use to help them get their work done  An artifact reveals  the assumptions  concepts  strategy  structure

3. Artifacts SLIS S556 3  Artifacts might be:  To-do lists  Forms  Spreadsheets  Physical objects under construction (e.g., a paper-based proj mgt poster on a wall)  Any other example?

4. Artifacts SLIS S556 4  Artifacts:  are manipulated in the sequence models  are passed between people in the flow model  Pay attention to how people use artifacts  E.g., any notes on the form?

5. Artifact Model SLIS S556 5  An artifact model is a drawing or photocopy of the artifact (see B&H p. 105)  Information presented by the object  Parts of the object  Structure of the parts  Annotations, e.g., any handwriting?  Presentation, e.g., shape, layout, etc.  Additional conceptual distinctions  Usage, e.g., when created, how used, etc.  Breakdowns

6. Artifact Model: Information Content SLIS S556 6  The content of an artifact tells us the story of a part of the work by:  How the content was put in  How it was used  Who used it  Exercise: Find out how your classmate records a next group meeting in a personal calendar

7. Culture SLIS S556 7  Culture defines expectations, desires, policies, values, and the whole approach people take to their work  Cultural context: the mindset that people operate within and that plays a part in everything they do

8. Cultural Context SLIS S556 8  Issues of cultural context  Not concrete  Not technical  Not represented in an artifact  Not written on a wall  Not observable in a single action

9. Cultural Context SLIS S556 9  Issues of cultural context are:  Revealed in the language use  Implied by recurring patterns of behavior, nonverbal communications, and attitudes  Suggested by how people decorate and the posters they put on their walls

10. Influence of Culture: Tone? SLIS S556 10

11. Influence of Culture: Tone? SLIS S556 11

12. Influence of Culture: Tone? SLIS S556 12

13. Influence of Culture SLIS S556 13  Policies  What are the polices people follow?  How are policies recorded?  Are there policy manuals? Are they used? (cf., artifact model)

14. Influence of Culture SLIS S556 14  Organizational influence  Are there organizations, individuals, or job functions that keep showing up, either as troublesome or helpful?  What are the organizations or job functions that always seem to get in the way?  Listen to how people talk about others

15. Influence of Culture SLIS S556 15

16. Influence of Culture SLIS S556 16

17. Making Culture Tangible SLIS S556 17  Cultural model provides a tangible representation (see p. 113 & 114 in B&H)  In a cultural model, we represent:  Influencers (people, organizations, and groups)  Influences  Problems/breakdowns

18. Cultural Model Rules (B&H p. 109-110) SLIS S556 18  Influencers are shown as large bubbles  Bubbles sit on one another, showing how one org forces another to take or not take actions  Influences are shown as arrows piercing the bubbles with labels  Label with language representing the experience of the people doing the work  Breakdowns with the culture are marked with a lightning bolt

19. Cultural Model SLIS S556 19  Cultural model =\ organization charts  Individual managers appear only they are charismatic figures

20. Physical Environment SLIS S556 20  PE:  How people move  How the space supports or hinders communication  Location of the tools people use (hardware, networks, machines) to do work

21. Impact of the Physical Environment SLIS S556 21  Organization of Space  Are there stations?  How do they relate to the work?  Are stations grouped to follow the flow of work?

22. Impact of the Physical Environment SLIS S556 22  Division of Space  Where are the walls?  Do they follow the structure of the work?  Do they interfere with it?  How do people over come the problems?

23. Impact of the Physical Environment SLIS S556 23  Grouping of People  How are people grouped in the spaces? By function or by project?  Does each person have their own separate office area?

24. Observe the Physical Space SLIS S556 24

25. Impact of the Physical Environment SLIS S556 25  Organization of Workplaces  How are the individual stations, offices, or work areas organized?  What is kept out, ready to hand, and available?

26. Observe the Physical Space SLIS S556 26

27. Impact of the Physical Environment SLIS S556 27  Movement  When do people move?  What triggers them to leave one place to go to another?  Understanding why the movement happens  help you decide whether it makes more sent to support it better or eliminate it

28. Physical Model SLIS S556 28  A physical model:  a drawing of those aspects of the workplace  Shows how the physical environment affects the work  Is annotated to show how the space is used  Is to show strategies, intents, and cultural values revealed by the space use

29. Physical Model (B&H,p. 117) SLIS S556 29  The places in which work occurs (e.g., room, workstations, offices, hallways)  The physical structures that constraints the space (e.g., desks, file cabinets, dividers)  The usages and movement within the space that indicate strategies, intents, and cultural values  The hardware, software, communication lines, and other tools (e.g., printers, post-its, phone)  The artifacts that people use (e.g., to-do lists, piles of stuff, bills, spreadsheets)  The layout of the tools, artifacts, furniture, and walls  Breakdowns

30. Physical Model SLIS S556 30  Ask Qs:  Do people accept the workplace as it is?  Do they work around it?  Does the work as it is experienced mismatch work?  What do people do about it?

31. Physical Model SLIS S556 31  Physical model =\  a floor plan for the work site  An inventory of the computer room  Show detail unrelated to the project focus

32. Example of Physical Model SLIS S556 32

33. 33 SLIS S556 https://wiki.mozilla.org/Bugzilla:CMU_HCI_Research_2008

34. Consolidated Physical Model SLIS S556 34  Pitfalls  Not taking the physical environment seriously E.g., if people don’t have printers by their desks, don’t build a system that requires frequent trips to the printer E.g., If your users walk around all the time, don’t try to tie them to a desk by giving them a product that only runs on a desktop

35. SLIS S556 35

36. Five Work Models SLIS S556 36  Different models reveal different aspects of work  Seeing how users work drives design  Later on, consolidate individual models

37. A Rich Picture (Monk & Howard) SLIS S556 37  A rich picture  A graphic representation that identifies primary stakeholders, their interrelationships, and their concerns  A tool to record the work context and to articulate how they should affect the design

38. A Rich Picture (Monk & Howard) SLIS S556 38  Structure  Refers to aspects of the work context that are slow to change (e.g., ???)  Process  Refers to the transformation that occur in the process of the work  Concerns  Issues, problems, breakdowns (represented by thought bubbles)  Tensions  Tensions between stakeholders should be identified by the “crossed swords” icon

39. Rich Picture: Example SLIS S556 39 http://studysoftwareengineering.wordpress.com/

40. A Rich Picture (Monk & Howard) SLIS S556 40  In participatory design  Brainstorming  Storyboarding  Paper-based prototyping  In lightweight usability methods  Need to prepare prototypes & scenarios  Note: no single technique is capable of capturing full diversity of the work process

41. Exercise SLIS S556 41  Create a cultural model based on the case of Karen’s situation in the Broadway Entertainment Company