1. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 CHAPTER 16 THE CONQUEST OF THE WEST The American Nation: A History of the United States, 13th edition Carnes/Garraty

2. A New Yorker who first went west at the age of nineteen as a cowboy and ranch cook, Remington (1861-1909) became the foremost artist of the vanishing way of life of the old Far West. Once a common sight on the high plains, the kind of buffalo kill that Remington records here was a great rarity by the time he painted this scene in 1890. The once-vast herds of bison had long since been reduced to a pitiful few by the white man’s rifles. The Buffalo Hunt, by Frederic Remington, 1890 Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, Wyoming; gift of William E. Weiss; 23.62

3. A New Yorker who first went west at the age of nineteen as a cowboy and ranch cook, Remington (1861-1909) became the foremost artist of the vanishing way of life of the old Far West. On the Southern Plains, by Frederic Remington, 1907 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Several Gentlemen, 1911 (11.192) Photograph ©1982 The Metropolitan Museum of Art

4. Once masters of the continent, Native Americans have been squeezed into just two percent of U.S. territory. Vanishing Lands Source: Copyright © 2000 by The New York Times. Reprinted by permission.

5. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 1874: gold was discovered in the Black Hills on the Sioux Reservation and thousands of miners poured in causing the Sioux to go on the warpath – Treaty and non-treaty Indians concentrated in the region of the Bighorn River in Montana In autumn, short of rations and hard pressed by overwhelming numbers of soldiers, they surrendered and returned to the reservation

6. Three columns of troops converged on the encampment in the summer of 1876 George Armstrong Custer and the 7 th Cavalry were sent ahead to locate the Indians and block their escape Underestimating the number of Indians, Custer chose to attack His 264 men were slaughtered by 2,500 Sioux led by Chiefs Sitting Bull (center) and Crazy Horse (right)

7. As a result, the US Army launched a winter campaign (1876-1877) against the remaining hostile Indians on the Northern Plains On January 8, 1877, General Nelson Miles found Crazy Horse’s camp along Montana’s Tongue River. US soldiers opened fire with their big wagon mounted guns, driving the Indians into a blizzard. They surrendered to live on a reservation. However, in 1890 a soldier will kill him with a bayonet because he left the reservation to visit his sick in-laws

8. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE PLAINS INDIANS Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 – Great council of western tribes was called – 10,000 Indians attended – Thomas Fitzpatrick persuaded each tribe to accept definite limits to its hunting grounds – In return Indians were promised gifts and annual payments Policy known as “concentration” was designed to cut down on intertribal warfare and to enable the government to negotiate separately with each tribe Yet tribal chiefs had limited power and it was only in theory that the tribes would be treated as though they were European powers

9. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 INDIAN WARS Government showed little interest in honoring agreements with Indians – Pressured Kansas, Omaha, Pawnee and Yankton Sioux for further concessions after passage of Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1859 Colorado gold rush drove Cheyenne and Arapaho from land guaranteed them in 1851 During Civil War Plains Indians rose against whites resulting in bloody guerilla warfare – 1864 Sand Creek Massacre of some 450 Cheyenne by Colorado Militia under Colonel Chivington – Indians slaughtered isolated white families, ambushed small parties, and fought troops

10. Surrendering in 1877, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce declared, “Our chiefs are killed.... The old men are all dead.... The little children are freezing to death.... I want to have time to look for my children.... Hear me, my chiefs. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.” Indian Wars, 1860–1890 Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.

11. Fetterman Massacre (December 1866) – Oglala Sioux under Red Cloud wiped out 82 soldiers under Captain Fetterman in reaction to construction of Bozeman Trail through their main hunting grounds 1867: government decided to confine all Indians to two reservations, one in the Dakota Territory and one in Oklahoma, and force them to become farmers – At two great meetings in 1867 and 1868 at Medicine Lodge and Fort Laramie the principal chiefs yielded to the government’s demands Many Indians refused to abide by these agreements Indians made excellent guerilla fighters and were often able to stymie the military – Difficult to determine difference between treaty and non-treaty Indians After 1849, Indian affairs were overseen by the Interior Department – Most agents systematically cheated the Indians – 1869: Congress created nonpolitical Board of Indian Commissioners to oversee Indian affairs but it was generally ignored Results of the Indian Wars

12. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE Fighting lessened with the coming of the transcontinental railroad and the slaughter of the buffalo – In mid 1860s, 13 to 15 million buffalo roamed the Plains – Railroads contributed to slaughter, first to feed workers, then by bringing hunters from east – 1871: commercial use of buffalo discovered and sealed their fate – In next three years 9 million were killed and after another decade, buffalo were almost extinct

13. A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed 1.Read Document 16-6 about Custer’s Last Stand in the Helena Daily Herald AND 16-7 A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson 2.What is the attitude toward Indians in these documents? Is it similar or different? 3.Who does Jackson blame for the plight of the Plains Indians? Why? 4.What was the importance for granting citizenship to Native Americans? But what problems with granting citizenship does Jacksons see? 5.What does she recommend for improved relations? 6.How did the US Government respond to Jackson and other critics of its Native American policies in 1887?

14. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE EFFECTS Assumed Indians could be transformed into small agricultural capitalists Shattered what was left of Indians’ culture without enabling them to adjust to white ways Unscrupulous white men systematically tricked Indians into leasing their lands for a pittance Local authorities often taxed Indian lands at excessive rates By 1934, Indians had lost 86 million of their 138 million acres

15. Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE DAWES SEVERALTY ACT OF 1887 Tribal lands were to be split up into individual allotments Land could not be disposed of for 25 years Funds were to be appropriated for educating and training the Indians Those who accepted allotments, took up residence separate from tribes, and adopted habit of civilized life were to be granted U.S. citizenship

16. How and why were the Plains Indians subdued and confined to reservations?

17. Wounded Knee (1890) White officials became alarmed at the religious fervor and in December 1890 banned the Ghost Dance on Lakota reservations. When the rites continued, officials called in troops to Pine Ridge and Rosebud reservations in South Dakota Chief Sitting Bull was arrested trying to leave his reservation and in a possible scuffle was bayoneted by a soldier

18. Wounded Knee (1890) General Miles had also ordered the arrest of Big Foot, who had been known to live along the Cheyenne River in South Dakota. They scoured the Badlands and finally found the “Ghost” dancers on Porcupine Creek. The Indians offered no resistance. Big Foot, ill with pneumonia, rode in a wagon. The soldiers now numbered around 500; the Indians 350, all but 120 of these women and children. The following morning, December 29, 1890, the soldiers entered the camp demanding the all Indian firearms be relinquished. A medicine man named Yellow Bird advocated resistance, claiming the Ghost Shirts would protect them. One of the soldiers tried to disarm a deaf Indian named Black Coyote. A scuffle ensued and the firearm discharged. the artillery opened up on them, cutting down men, women, children alike, the sick Big Foot among them. 150 Indians had been killed and 50 wounded. In comparison, army casualties were 25 killed and 39 wounded This marked the end of the Plains Indian resistance.