1. Numerical Methods Intro to Numerical Methods &
Math 685/CSI 700 Spring 08
Numerical Methods
Intro to Numerical Methods
&
Intro to Matlab Programming
By M Jamil Khan
George Mason University, Department of Mathematical Sciences

2. What are numerical methods and why should you study them?

3. Numerical Methods
“Numerical Methods are techniques by which mathematical Problems are formulated so that they can be solved with arithmetic and logical operations. Because digital computers excel at performing such operations, numerical methods are sometimes referred as computer mathematics”.

4. Numerical Methods
In pre computer era , the time and effort of implementing such calculations seriously limited their practical use. However, with the advent of fast, inexpensive digital computers, the role of numerical methods in engineering and scientific problem solving has exploded.

5. Numerical Methods
Numerical methods figure so prominently in, much of our work, I believe that numerical methods should be a part of every engineer's and scientist's basic education. Just as we all must have solid foundation in the other areas of mathematics and science, we should also have a fundamental understanding of numerical methods. In particular, we should have a solid appreciation of both their capabilities and their limitations.
Why?

6. Numerical Methods 1
Beyond contributing to your overall education. .there are several additional reasons why you should study numerical methods:

7. Numerical Methods 1 2
Numerical methods greatly expand the types of , problems you can address. They are capable of handling large systems of equations nonlinearities, and complicated geometries that are not uncommon in engineering and science and that are often impossible to solve analytically with standard calculus. As such they greatly enhance your problem-solving skills.

8. Numerical Methods 2 3
Numerical methods allow you to use "canned“ software with insight. During your career, you will invariably have occasion to use commercially available pre-packaged computer programs that involve numerical methods. The intelligent use of these programs is greatly enhanced by an understanding of the basic theory underlying the methods. In the absence of such understanding you will be left to treat such packages as “black boxes“ with little critical insight into their inner workings or the validity of the results they produce.

9. Numerical Methods 3 4
Many problems cannot be approached using canned programs. If you are conversant with numerical methods, and are adept at computer programming, you can design your own programs to solve problems without having to buy or commission expensive software.

10. Numerical Methods 4 5
Numerical methods are an efficient vehicle for learning to use computers. Because numerical methods are expressly designed for computer implementation, they are ideal for illustrating the computer's powers and limitations. When you successfully implement numerical methods on a computer, and then apply them to solve otherwise intractable problems, you will be provided with a dramatic demonstration of how computer can serve our professional development. At the same time, you will also learn to acknowledge and control the errors of approximation that are part and parcel of large-scale numerical calculations.

11. Numerical Methods 5
Numerical methods provide a vehicle for you to reinforce your understanding of mathematics. Because one function of numerical methods is to reduce higher mathematics to basic arithmetic operations. they get at the "nuts and bolts" of some otherwise obscure topics. Enhanced understanding and insight can result from this alternative
perspective.

12. Books
Reference Books
A first Course in Numerical Analysis with C++ by Dr. Saeed Akhtar Bhatti, 4th Edition.
Applied Numerical Methods using Matlab by Won Young Yang.
Applied Numerical Methods with Matlab for Engineers and Scientists by Steven C. Chapra, 2nd Edition.

13. Grading Policy + Attendance + Discipline Unannounced Quizzes 20%
Lab Assignments 20%
(Late and Missed Submissions are Not Applicable)
Mid Exam 20%
Final Exam 40%
+ Attendance
+ Discipline

14. Computer Usage
You should be able to write a computer code in a programming language you know such as MATLAB or C.

15. Some Useful Links http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/FA2011/teNMTbs/

16. Feedback Request Please mail questions and constructive comments to
Your feedback will be most appreciated
On style, contents, detail, examples, clarity, conceptual problems, exercises, missing information, depth, etc.
Local course support website

17. Course Objective
This course will emphasize the development of numerical algorithms to provide solutions to common problems formulated in science and engineering. The primary objective of the course is to develop the basic understanding of the construction of numerical algorithms, and perhaps more importantly, the applicability and limits of their appropriate use.

18. Course Outline Introduction to Numerical Methods
Introduction to Matlab Programming
Error Analysis
Finite Differences
Interpolation
Numerical Differentiation

19. Course Outline Numerical Integration Ordinary Differential Equations
Non Linear Equations
Linear System of Equations

20. Today Objectives
The primary objective of today’s discussion is to provide you with a concrete idea of what numerical methods are and how they relate to engineering and scientific problem solving. Specific objectives and topics covered are
Learning how mathematical models can be formulated on the basis of scientific principles t o simulate the behavior of a simple physical system.
Understanding how numerical methods afford a means to generate solutions in a manner that can be implemented on a digital computer.

21. Today Objectives
Understanding the different types of conservation laws that lie beneath the models used in the various engineering disciplines and appreciating the difference between steady-state and dynamic solutions of these models.
Learning about the different types of numerical methods we will cover in this course.

22. A Simple Mathematical Model
A mathematical model can be broadly defined as a formulation or equation that expresses the essential features of a physical system or process in mathematical terms.
Models can be represented by a functional relationship between dependent variables, independent variables, parameters, and forcing functions.

23. Model Function
Dependent variable - a characteristic that usually reflects the behavior or state of the system
Independent variables - dimensions, such as time and space, along which the system’s behavior is being determined.

24. Model Function
Parameters - constants reflective of the system’s properties or composition
Forcing functions - external influences acting upon the system

25. Model Function Example
Assuming a bungee jumper is in mid-flight, an analytical model for the jumper’s velocity, accounting for drag, is
Dependent variable - velocity v
Independent variables - time t
Parameters - mass m, drag coefficient cd
Forcing function - gravitational acceleration g

26. Model Results
Using a computer (or a calculator), the model can be used to generate a graphical representation of the system. For example, the graph below represents the velocity of a 68.1 kg jumper, assuming a drag coefficient of 0.25 kg/m

27. Numerical Modeling
Some system models will be given as implicit functions or as differential equations - these can be solved either using analytical methods or numerical methods.
Example - the bungee jumper velocity equation from before is the analytical solution to the differential equation where the change in velocity is determined by the gravitational forces acting on the jumper versus the drag force.

28. Numerical Methods
To solve the problem using a numerical method, note that the time rate of change of velocity can be approximated as:

29. Numerical Results
The efficiency and accuracy of numerical methods will depend upon how the method is applied. Applying the previous method in 2 s intervals yields:

30. Analytical and Numerical Solutions:
Numerical methods are techniques by which mathematical problems are formulated so that they can be solved with arithmetic and logical operations.
Numerical
Analytical
approximate
exact
more intuitive
less intuitive
easily coded
not so easy
easy to get

31. Bases for Numerical Models
Basic Needs in the Numerical Methods:
Practical:
Can be computed in a reasonable amount of time.
Accurate:
Good approximate to the true value,
Information about the approximation error (Bounds, error order,… ).

32. Solution of Nonlinear Equations
Some simple equations can be solved analytically:
Many other equations have no analytical solution:

33. Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations
Bisection Method
Newton-Raphson Method
Secant Method

34. Solution of Systems of Linear Equations

35. Cramer’s Rule is Not Practical

36. Methods for Solving Systems of Linear Equations
Naive Gaussian Elimination
Gaussian Elimination with Scaled Partial Pivoting
Algorithm for Tri-diagonal Equations

37. Curve Fitting Given a set of data:
Select a curve that best fits the data. One choice is to find the curve so that the sum of the square of the error is minimized.

38. Interpolation Given a set of data:
Find a polynomial P(x) whose graph passes through all tabulated points.

39. Methods for Curve Fitting
Least Squares
Linear Regression
Nonlinear Least Squares Problems
Interpolation
Newton Polynomial Interpolation
Lagrange Interpolation

40. Integration
Some functions can be integrated analytically:

41. Methods for Numerical Integration
Upper and Lower Sums
Trapezoid Method
Romberg Method
Gauss Quadrature

42. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations

43. Solution of Partial Differential Equations
Partial Differential Equations are more difficult to solve than ordinary differential equations:

44. Bases for Numerical Models
Conservation laws provide the foundation for many model functions. Different fields of engineering and science apply these laws to different paradigms within the field.
Among these laws are:
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of charge
Conservation of energy