1. Chapter 4
Roots of Polynomials

2. Objectives
Understand the importance of finding polynomial roots in engineering applications
Know the conventional method concept
Know the Muller’s method concept
Know the Bairstow’s method

3. Content Polynomials in engineering and science Conventional method
Muller’s method
Bairstow’s method
Conclusions

4. Polynomials in… (1) General solutions of linear ODE
Solve for general solution
Change to characteristic equations:
The results can be :-

5. Polynomials in…(2)
General solutions of linear ODE

6. Polynomials in…(3) Problem : Follow these rules:
For an nth order equation, there are n real or complex roots.
If n is odd, there is at least one real root.
If complex roots exist, they will be in conjugate pairs (that is, l+mi and l-mi), where i=sqrt(-1).

7. Conventional… Only real roots exist However,
Finding good initial guesses complicates both the open and bracketing methods, also the open methods could be susceptible to divergence.
Real and complex roots of polynomials – Müller and Bairstow methods.

8. Müller method (1)
Like Secant, Müller’s method obtains a root estimate by projecting a parabola to the x axis through three function values.

9. Müller method (2)
Secant method
(linear approximation)

10. Must use three points to approximate function
Müller method (3)
Müller method
(Parabola or 2nd order
approximation)
Must use three points to approximate function

11. Müller methodology derivation
Write the equation in a convenient form at point x2:
We then have three eqns now (from x0, x1, and x2)

12. Müller method (5) Right now u can solve for a and b from
Step III Reduce to two eqns
Right now u can solve for a and b from
When u know a, b, c you are ready to
estimate root from

13. Müller method (6) Step IV Here the new estimated root is
Two roots, but which one ?
Error can be derived from

14. Müller method (7) Summary of algorithm
Start with 3 points [x0,f(x0)] [x1,f(x1)] and [x2,f(x2)]
Calculate a, b, and c from

15. Müller method (8) new xi-1 = old xi Summary of algorithm (cont’d)
Calculate new root from
Calculate error
Check whether
new xi-1 = old xi

16. Bairstow’s method (1)
An iterative approach loosely related to both Müller and Newton Raphson methods.
Based on dividing a polynomial by a factor x-t:
Start with
Dividing with x-t yields
and a remainder R=b0
The coefficients of polynomial are

17. Bairstow’s method (2)
To permit the evaluation of complex roots, Bairstow’s method divides the polynomial by a quadratic factor x2-rx-s:
For the remainder to be zero, bo and b1 must be zero. However, it is unlikely that our initial guesses at the values of r and s will lead to this result, so we do this…

18. Bairstow’s method (3)
Using a similar approach to Newton Raphson method, both bo and b1 can be expanded as function of both r and s in Taylor series.
Neglect higher-order terms
We estimate Δr and Δs from
How can we find
these partial
derivatives ???

19. Bairstow’s method (4)
Partial derivatives can be obtained by a synthetic division of the b’s in a similar fashion the b’s themselves are derived:
where
then

20. Bairstow’s method (5) At each step, the error can be estimated as
The roots can be determined from

21. Bairstow’s method (6) At this point three possibilities exist:
The quotient is a third-order polynomial or greater. The previous values of r and s serve as initial guesses and Bairstow’s method is applied to the quotient to evaluate new r and s values.
The quotient is quadratic. The remaining two roots are evaluated directly, using
The quotient is a 1st order polynomial. The remaining single root can be evaluated simply as x=-s/r.