1. Thomas Roser RHIC Open Planning Meeting December 3-4, 2003 RHIC II machine plans Electron cooling at RHIC Luminosity upgrade parameters

2. RHIC design luminosity

3. Intra-Beam Scattering (IBS) in RHIC Longitudinal and transverse emittance growth agrees well with model Some additional source of transverse emittance growth Deuteron and gold beams are different because of IBS

4. RHIC II luminosity upgrade Eliminate beam blow-up from intra-beam scattering with electron beam cooling at full energy! What will remain the same: l 120 bunch patter n 100 ns collision spacing ( ~ same data acquisition system) n Only one beam collision between DX magnets l 20 m magnet-free space for detectors n No “mini-beta” quadrupoles l Approx. the same bunch intensity n No new vacuum or instability issues n Background similar as before upgrade What changes: l Smaller transverse and longitudinal emittance n Smaller vertex region l Beta squeeze during store to level luminosity l Store length is limited to ~ 5 hours by “burn-off” due to Au-Au interactions (~ 200 b)

5. Electron cooling and IBS Intra-Beam Scattering: The ions collide with each other, leading to accumulation of random energy (heat) derived from the guide fields and the beam’s energy. Electron cooling: The high-current high-brightness electron beam from an ERL will cool the RHIC ions in a high- precision, 26 m long superconducting solenoid.

6. RHIC electron cooling l Au ions in RHIC are 100 times more energetic than in a typical cooler ring. Relativistic factors slow the cooling by a factor of  2. Cooling power needs to be a factor of  2 higher than typical. l Bunched electron beam requirements for 100 GeV/u gold beams: E = 54 MeV, ~ 100 mA, electron beam power: ~ 5 MW! l Requires high brightness, high power, energy recovering superconducting linac, as demonstrated by JLab for IR FEL. (50 MeV, 5 mA) l First linac based, bunched electron beam cooling system used at a collider

7. RHIC Electron Cooler R&D Demonstrate 10 nC, 100 – 300 mA CW rf photo-cathode electron gun: High power, 700 MHz 2.5 cell cavity (collab. with LANL, AES) Demonstrate high precision (10 ppm) solenoid Develop CW s.c. cavity for high intensity beams: Large bore, 700 MHz cavity with ferrite HOM dampers and high beam break-up threshold (collab. with Jlab, AES) LinacRf Gun Buncher CavityCooling Solenoid (~ 30 m, ~ 1 T)Debuncher Cavity e-Beam Dump Gold beam

8. Energy Recovery Linac Cryomodule Very high current, ~2 A, more than an order of magnitude improvement over any other existing cavity. The principles: Lower Frequency. Large apertures to reduce generation of High-Order Modes (HOM) and conduct HOM power to external ferrite absorbers. Production under BNL Program Development. Attracted significant Navy funding. Collaboration with industry and other laboratories.

9. Photoinjector, Photocathode, ERL New UHV photocathode preparation system Development of a CW photoinjector Prototype ERL aimed at the demonstration of ampere-class-current ERL with DOE NP and Navy support.

10. Electron Cooler Beam Dynamics R&D Use two solenoids with opposing fields to eliminate coupling in the ion beam. A quadrupole matching section between the solenoids maintains magnetization. Stretcher / compressor with large M56 and zero M51, M52 Merge beams with two weak dipoles with solenoid focusing to minimize dispersion and avoid coupling.

11. Stochastic Beam Cooling at RHIC Stochastic cooling is difficult for high intensity, high energy beams, but: Microwave stochastic cooling (~ 5 GHz) may work for longitudinal cooling and avoid beam debunching during store. Halo cooling in combination with e-cooling. Optical stochastic cooling (~ 30 THz) has great potential for the long term future. Proof-of-principle R&D proceeding

12. Electron Cooling R&D Timeline

13. RHIC Luminosity with and without Cooling Transverse beam profile during store With e-cooling Without e-cooling Luminosity leveling through continuous cooling and beta squeeze Store length limited by “burn-off” 2 mm 5 hours

14. RHIC II Luminosities with Electron Cooling Gold collisions (100 GeV/n x 100 GeV/n): w/o e-coolingwith e-cooling Emittance (95%)  m15  40 15  3 Beta function at IR [m]1.01.0  0.5 Number of bunches112112 Bunch population [10 9 ]11  0.3 Beam-beam parameter per IR0.00160.004 Ave. store luminosity [10 26 cm -2 s -1 ]870 Pol. Proton Collision (250 GeV x 250 GeV): Emittance (95%)  m2012 Beta function at IR [m]1.00.5 Number of bunches112112 Bunch population [10 11 ]22 Beam-beam parameter per IR0.0070.012 ? Ave. store luminosity [10 32 cm -2 s -1 ]1.55.0