1. Objective 8.01: Define terminology related to biotechnology

2. Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs Yeast to make bread rise and in alcohol production Beneficial bacteria (penicillium) to kill harmful organisms Cloning plants and animals Artificial insemination

3. Base A key component of DNA and RNA molecules four different nitrogenous bases are in DNA Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine

4. Base Pair Two nucleotide bases on different strands of the nucleic acid molecule that bond together The bases can pair in only on way Adenine – Thymine (Uracil with RNA) Guanine – Cytosine

5. Bioassay Determination of the effectiveness of a compound by measuring its effect on animals, tissues or organisms in comparison with a standard preparation

6. Bioremediation The use of microorganisms to remedy environmental problems Makes some hazardous wastes non-hazardous

7. Cloning The production of a genetically identical organism(s) from cells removed from a single parent

8. Clonal Offspring Organisms produced through the process of cloning – always genetically identical to each other and the parent

9. Codon A sequence of three nucleotide bases that specifies and amino acid or represents a signals to stop or start a function

10. DNA Fingerprinting The use of restriction enzymes to measure the genetic variation of individuals this technology is often used as a forensic tool to detect differences or similarities in blood and tissue samples from crime scenes

11. Embryonic Stem Cells Cells that can give rise to any type of differentiated cell Are typically derived from an older developing embryo

12. Fermentation The process of growing microorganisms for the production of various chemical or pharmaceutical compounds Microbes are normally incubated under specific conditions in the presence o nutrients in large tanks called fermentors

13. Gel Electrophoresis A process for separating molecules by forcing them to migrate through a gen under the influence of an electric field

14. Genetics The study of the inheritance in plants and animals

15. Genetic Engineering The process of removing and/or inserting genetic material in order to change an organism’s traits

16. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Name given to transgenic organisms Organisms that are developed through genetic manipulation

17. In vitro “In Glass” Meaning something that is developed in a test tube or other laboratory apparatus In vitro fertilization is done outside of the female reproductive tract

18. In vivo “In the living” Something that is performed inside a living organism

19. Monoclonal Antibody Highly specific, purified antibody that is derived from only one clone of cells and recognizes only one antigen Typically used in diagnostic testing where the test recognizes one specific hormone, cell, etc to test Example – pregnancy testing

20. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) A technique to amplify a target DNA sequence of nucleotides by several hundred thousand

21. Restriction Enzymes An enzyme that breaks DNA in highly specific locations Creates gaps into which new genes can be inserted

22. Ribonucleic Acid RNA A nucleic acid smaller than DNA (no double helix) responsible for the production of proteins in a cell Has only one ribose

23. Transgenic Organism A genetically altered organism with DNA altered by the removal of genes or the insertion of genes from another organism

24. Objective 8.02: Discuss potential applications for biotechnology in production agriculture

25. 1. Use of biotechnology techniques in environmental science for cleaning contaminants and protecting endangered species Bioremediation – use of natural organisms to clean or improve the environment

26. 2. The production of improved plants and animals resistant to insects, diseases, or even harsh environmental conditions Bt corn Drought tolerant plants Selectively bred livestock

27. 3. Increased use of methods of in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination - improved selective breeding programs in plants and animals

28. 4. The production of beneficial medical and nutritional substances in transgenic plants and animals -example – Golden Rice

29. 5. DNA analysis-paternity testing in order to determine a more accurate ancestry of living organisms

30. 1. Transfer of genes found in transgenic organisms to natural population 1. For roundup ready crops some genes have merged into weeds to make them resistant to roundup as well 2. Terminator gens are being developed to alleviate this risk

31. 2. Unexpected impacts of genetically modified organisms and biotechnology processes on other organisms and the environment 1. Some testing is still being done

32. 3. Expense of the utilization of many biotechnology techniques 1. Example: the cost of producing transgenic animals is very high, even for fish, so it would be very costly to produce livestock this way

33. 4. Concerns over the safety and ethics of incorporating GMO’s into food for human consumption 1. Example: the use of a genetically modified corn (Starling) has not been approved for human consumption in taco shells

34. 5. Lack of education among both consumers and producers concerning biotechnology processes and products

35. Objective 8.03: Summarize the relationship between the various divisions of biotechnology and agriscience

36. 1. Increased activity and research between different agricultural areas with common research techniques and goals 1. Helps increase the yields of crops 2. Reduces the use of resources like water and fertilizer 3. Controls pests in environmentally compatible ways

37. 1. Biotechnology in Agricultural Production 1. Wide scale production of transgenic plants impacting agronomy and horticulture 2. Natural protection for plants 3. Resistance to environmental stresses 4. Increases crop yields

38. 2. Biotechnology in Environmental Science 1. Immunoassays are used for testing contaminants in soil and water 2. Installation of biological barriers to prevent the transfer of harmful microorganisms between production facilities 3. Bioremediation of soils that have been contaminated with wood preservatives, coal and tar

39. 3. Biotechnology in Heath – Agri- medicine 1. The use of biological barriers to prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms that could contaminate food sources 2. Pharming – the creation of plants and animals capable of producing medical substances 1. Example: creating cows and goats that produce milk containing therapeutic proteins that can nourish premature infants