1. Sustainable development, corporate social responsibility & accounting Prof. Jan Bebbington Centre for Social & Environmental Accounting Research St Andrews Sustainability Institute Vice-Chair (Scotland), Sustainable Development Commission

2. Where I am going … Mixture of: –Ideas from academia –Application of these in applied research settings –With awareness of policy context Key concepts –Accounting & accountability –Sustainable development –Governance/governmentality Played out via accounting for sustainable development example

3. We all think we know about accountability … but do we? and if it were ‘easy’ why does it seem so hard?

4. A possible definition “The duty to provide an account (by no means necessarily a financial account) or reckoning of those actions for which one is responsible” Gray, Owen & Adams (1996)

5. Principal Agent Instructions Actions or forebear from action Accounts Contract Sanctions All this takes place within a social & regulatory context

6. Observations & nuance Context matters (SD is a context conditioner) Nature of contract between parties is key (& dictates account) Ability to impose sanctions should contract be breached is essential Relative power between parties is of fundamental importance Notions of closeness & absence of accounts Multiple & nested accountability complicates things Accountability is not easy & comfortable Accounts are not only financial ACCOUNTS imply accountability and vice versa

7. Sustainable development as the context

8. SD & organisations Is this connection possible? Useful? Integration of the scale of issues What would we need to know if an organisation were sustainable? –Environmentally –Socially –Economically CSR vs SD –If SD is not a sensible notion for an organisation... then you end up talking about CSR –Responsibility has to be defined (could be linked to SD) … that is appropriate at a corporate level … and know what is not appropriate at that level

9. Governing is … “any more or less calculated and rational activity, undertaken by a multiplicity of authorities and agencies, employing a variety of techniques and forms of knowledge, that seeks to shape our conduct by working through our desires, aspirations, interests and beliefs, for definite but shifting ends and with a diverse set of relatively unpredictable consequences, effects and outcomes” (Dean, 1999, p 209).

10. Governmentality (Dean 1999) ProblematizationIdentification of an issue to be governed Regimes of governing or analytics of government Visibilities Knowledge Techniques & practices Identities Utopian idealAim for governance and belief that governing is possible by regime of governing

11. Accounting as a technique & practice Full cost accounting –Aims to quantify a ‘fuller’ picture of organisational impacts –Environmentally and/or socially focused Externalities –“when the social or economic activities of one group of persons have an impact on another group and when that impact is not fully accounted for by the first group”

12. A monetized model capitals +ve -ve All figures are in monetary units

13. The Elements of the SAM Total turnover or total cost Resources consumed Pollution impacts Social benefit of jobs Benefits via taxation Social benefit of product/service

14. An Overall Measure – the SAMi SAMi = 25%

15. Summary Accounting –Discharging accountability –Negotiation about responsibility Sustainable development as a set of aspirations Governance –Full cost accounting is one technique –Implies a great deal