1. Religion & Science
Strayer Ch. 16

2. The Protestant Reformation
In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, & politics?

3. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, & politics?
Created a permanent schism within Catholic Christendom
Gave some kings & princes a justification for their own independence from the Church & an opportunity to gain lands & taxes held by the Church

4. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, & politics?
Provided urban middle classes a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society
Common people’s expression of opposition to the whole social order
Less impact on the lives of women, although it did stimulate female education & literacy, even if there was little space for women to make use of that education outside the family

5. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, & politics?
Religious difference led to sectarian violence, to war, and ultimately to religious coexistence.
Successful challenge to immense prestige & power of the pope & the establish Church
Encouraged a skeptical attitude toward authority & tradition
Fostered religious individualism as people were encouraged to read & interpret the scriptures themselves
And why could people now READ books?
Because of the full-scale implementation of the printing press!

6. Erasmus & Christian Humanism
Best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus
Developed The Philosophy of Christ – meant to show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than how to achieve salvation
He did not wish to break from the church, just reform it
1509 work The Praise of Folly, he especially criticized the monks

7. Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation
Major goal of humanism in Northern Europe: Reform Christendom
Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism
Christian humanists believed humans can improve themselves
Reform would occur through developing
Inner Piety – or religious feeling – based on studying the works of Christianity, not rules & rituals

8. Catholic Church Corruption: Sale of Indulgences
Church officials seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties
Especially instructing the faithful on achieving salvation (acceptance into heaven)
Obtaining salvation became mechanical (example: collecting relics)
Venerating a saint could earn indulgence – release from all or part of punishment for sing, according to the Church at the time

9. Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was a monk & professor at the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible.
Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that faith & good works were necessary for salvation.
He believed human deeds were powerless to affect God & that salvation was through faith alone.

10. Edict of Worms Made Luther an outlaw in the empire
His books were to be burned & Luther was to be delivered to the emperor (Holy Roman Empire)
However, Luther’s local ruler protected him
Map of Europe before and after Protestant Reformation.
Olive color = Catholicism (which was 'the only Christian game in town') and the
Blue = Protestant Religions.

11. Major branches within Protestantism

12. The Reformation in England
Politics, not religion, brought about the English Reformation
King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, whom he thought could not give him a male heir.
The pope was unwilling to annul (declare invalid) his marriage, however, and Henry turned to England’s church courts.
The archbishop of Canterbury ruled that Henry’s marriage to Catherine was null & void.

13. The Reformation in England
Henry then married Anne Boleyn, who was crowded queen… and gave birth to another girl!
This child later would become Queen Elizabeth I.
Anne was executed for treason (specially, because of adultery) when she could not produce a male heir.

14. The Reformation in England
Annulled: Catherine of Aragon
No male heirs, daughter Mary (tried to bring Catholicism back to England, rule for 5 years)
Beheaded: Anne Boleyn
No male heirs, daughter Elizabeth (crowded upon Mary’s death, never married)
Died: Jane Seymour
Died about 3 weeks after giving birth, most likely due to infection
One son, Edward VI (ruled for 6 years following Henry’s death, died at age 15)
Annulled: Anne of Cleves
He thought she was ugly; she thought he smelled.
Remained close friends after the annulment – liked to play card together.
Beheaded: Catherine Howard
Cousin of Anne Boleyn
17 when married; 19 when executed for treason & adultery
Survived: Catherine Parr

15. The Reformation in England
The break from Rome & the Catholic church was centuries in the making.
The land that the Catholic church owned on English soil bothered some Englishmen.
The taxes that England had to pay to Rome did not seem right to some Englishmen.
So, this reformation was not totally due to Henry’s marriage “needs”, but it was accelerated by it.

16. Globalization of Christianity

17. Conversion & Adaptation in Spanish America
Population collapse, conquest, & resettlement made Native Americans receptive to the conquering religion
Occasionally, campaigns led to the destruction of old religions
Blending religious traditions was more commons
Local gods (huacas) remained influential
Christian saints took on functions as precolonial gods
Many rituals survived, often with some Christian influence

18. China & the Jesuits
Christianity reached China during the Ming & Qing dynasties
Called for a different missionary strategy; needed government permission for operation
Jesuits especially targeted the official China elite
No mass conversion in China
Some scholar converted
Jesuits were appreciated for mathematical, astronomical, technological, & cartographical skills
Missionary efforts gained 200,000 – 300,000 converts in 250 years
Missionaries didn’t offer much that the Chinese needed
Christianity called for rejection of much Chinese culture
By early 18th-century, papacy & other missionary orders opposed Jesuit accommodation place

19. Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
African religious elements accompanied slaves to the Americas
Development of Africanized forms of Christianity in the Americans with divination, dream interpretation, visions, spirit possession
Europeans often tried to suppress African elements as sorcery
Persistence of syncretic religions (voodoo, Santeria, candomble, macumba)

20. Islamic World, China, & INdia

21. Expansion & Renewal in the Islamic World
Islam continued to spread due to wandering holy men, scholars, & traders – not conquest
Syncretism of Islamization was increasingly offensive to orthodox Muslims
Helped provoke movements of religious renewal in the 18th century
Series of jihads in W. Africa attacked corrupt Islamic practices
Growing tension between localized & “pure” Islam
Most well-known Islamic renewal movement was Wahhabism
Arabian Peninsula, mid-18th century
Founder Abud al-Wahhab
Aimed to restore strict adherence to sharia (Islamic law), restore absolute monotheism, end veneration of saints
Subsequent reform movements persisted & became associated with resistance to Western cultural intrusion

22. China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
Chinese & Indian cultural/religious change wasn’t as dramatic as what occurred in Europe
Confucian & Hindu cultures didn’t spread widely in early modern period
Neither remained static
Ming & China dynasty China still operated within a Confucian framework
Buddhist & Daoist traditions still existed
Both dynasties embraced Confucianism

23. China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
Considerable amount of debate & new thinking in China
Buddhists tried to make religion more accessible to commoners
Similarity to Luther’s argument that individuals could seek salvation without help from a priestly heriarchy
Lively popular culture among the less well educated
Production of plays, paintings, & literature
Great age of novels

24. India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
Bhakti Movement: devotional Hinduism; effort to achieve union with the divine through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, & rituals
Appealed especially to women
Often set aside caste distinctions
Much common ground with Sufism, helped to blur line between Islam & Hinduism in India
Sikhism: religion blended Islam & Hinduism
Founded Guru Nanak – had been part of bhakti movement, came to believe that Islam & Hinduism were one
Nanak & his successors set aside caste distinctions & proclaimed essential equality of men & women

25. The Scientific Revolution

26. Before the Enlightenment
In the late 1500s, a revolution began – a period of great change known as the Scientific Revolution
In the late 1500s, men like Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, & others began to explain the nature of both the seen & the unseen universe – natural law
They devised new methods of calculation & measurement – the Scientific Method
This revolution questioned everything – they observed, measured, experimented, and formulated hypotheses & theories to explain why things were the way they were.

27. Before the Enlightenment
Ideas about human society, government, religion, & culture began to be questioned.
Intellectuals in the later 17th and early 18th centuries thought that if people had been so wrong about the nature of the universe, perhaps they could be wrong about a great many other things, including the rights of man.
These thinkers, known as the “Philosophes,” ushered in an age called the Enlightenment.
The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment are closely tied together. They influenced each other and led to massive changes throughout the world.

28. Rationalism
Ideas of the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment laid the foundation for a modern worldview based on rationalism & secularism.
Enlightenment thought led some rulers to advocate such natural rights as equality before the law & freedom of religion.
Rationalism: Reason is the chief source of knowledge.
While some Europeans were actively attempting to spread the Christian faith, others were nurturing an understanding of nature very much at odds with traditional Christian teaching.

29. Europe’s Scientific Revolution
Vast intellectual & cultural transformation – between mid-16th century and early 18th century
Knowledge would be acquired through a combination of careful observations, controlled experiments, & the formulation of general laws, expressed in mathematical terms.

30. Europe’s Scientific Revolution
Fundamentally altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos & sharply challenged both the teachings & the authority of the Church.
Scientific ways of thinking challenged:
Ancient social hierarchies
Political systems
Played a role in revolutionary upheavals of the modern era
Science was also used in other ways, trying to justify the world through “natural methods” was not a smooth transition:
Tried to legitimize racial inequalities
Tried to legitimize gender inequalities

31. Why Europe?
Islamic world was most scientifically advanced realm in period – 1400
China’s technological accomplishments & economic growth were unmatched for several centuries
European conditions were uniquely favorable to rise of science
Evolution of a legal system that guaranteed some independence for a variety of institutions by 12th/13th centuries
Universities became zones of intellectual autonomy
In the Islamic world, science remained mostly outside of the system of higher education
Chinese authorities did not permit independent institutions of higher learning
Chinese education focused on preparing for civil service exams, emphasis on Confucian texts
Western Europe could draw on the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Arab world

32. Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world?
Europe’s historical development as a reinvigorated and fragmented civilization gave rise to conditions favorable to scientific enterprise.
Europeans had evolved including a legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence from the Church, universities, and other professional associations. They didn’t have to operate under the dictates of the Church
Western Europe was in a position to draw extensively upon the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Islamic world.
In the 16th-18th centuries, Europeans had engaged in the Columbian Exchange and found themselves at the center of a massive new exchange of information of lands, peoples, animals, societies, and religions from around the world. These new concepts shook older ways of thinking and opened up a new way of thinking.
Science was patronized by a variety of local authorities, but it occurred outside the formal system of higher education. Quranic studies and religious law held the central place, whereas philosophy and natural science were viewed with great suspicion.
Chinese education focused on preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations and emphasized the humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism. Scientific subjects were relegated to the margins of the Chinese educational system.