1. Macromolecules Building Complex Molecules That Comprise Living Things

2. Organic Macromolecules Contain Carbon Therefore, each carbon atom can make ____ covalent bonds with other types of atoms or additional carbons.  Question: How many electrons does carbon need to fill its outer energy level?  Answer: Four four

3. In a double bond, carbons share two pairs of electrons In a triple bond, carbons share three pairs of electrons

4. Carbon Atoms Bind to Functional Groups

5. Organic Molecules Can Exist as Isomers Structural Isomers have the same atoms in different bonding relationships Stereoisomers have different spatial positioning for the same bonding relationships cis-trans isomers enantiomers

6. Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers Macromolecule Monomer Unit CarbohydratesSugars Lipids Fatty acids Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

7. Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis Removal of water to add monomer units Hydrolysis Addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers

8. Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

9. Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

10. DNA RNA Protein Information Flow From DNA transcription translation replication (prior to cell division) (ongoing cellular metabolism) Gene: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

11. DNA and RNA Structure DNA DNA RNA RNA Primary Structure Chain of nucleotides Secondary Structure Double helix Single folded chain

12. Three Parts of Nucleotide Structure Nitrogenous Base (1 of 5) CH 2 HH Deoxyribose or Ribose OO HH OHOHHH HH HH OH HOP O O 5-Carbon Sugar Phosphate Group NN HCHC NN CC CC CC CHCH NN NN NH 2

13. DNA and RNA Structure DNA RNA RNA Purine bases Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Pyrimidine bases Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) 5-carbon sugar deoxyriboseribose Phosphate PO 4 PO 4 OHOH OHH

14. Nucleotide Chain Nucleotides are joined together by dehydration synthesis Nucleotides are joined together by dehydration synthesis The phosphate of one nucleotide is joined to sugar of next nucleotide, forming a “sugar-phosphate backbone” The phosphate of one nucleotide is joined to sugar of next nucleotide, forming a “sugar-phosphate backbone”

15. DNA Structure Two nucleotide chainsTwo nucleotide chains In opposite orientationsIn opposite orientations Held together by hydrogen bondsHeld together by hydrogen bonds Twisted into a helixTwisted into a helix G A C A C T G T A T T A 5’ end has free phosphate 3’ end has free sugar 3’ end 5’ end A pairs with T G pairs with C

16. T A CG

17. DNA Secondary Structure The Double Helix Two polynucleotide chains are wound togetherTwo polynucleotide chains are wound together Bases are located inside the helixBases are located inside the helix Sugar-phosphate groups are on the outside as a “backbone”Sugar-phosphate groups are on the outside as a “backbone” Bases are arranged like rungs on a ladder, perpendicular to the “backbone”Bases are arranged like rungs on a ladder, perpendicular to the “backbone” 10 base pairs per turn of the helix10 base pairs per turn of the helix

18. DNA Replication DNA chains separateDNA chains separate Each chain is used as a pattern to produce a new chainEach chain is used as a pattern to produce a new chain Each new DNA helix contains one “old” and one “new” chainEach new DNA helix contains one “old” and one “new” chain

19. Transcription = Production of RNA Using DNA as a Template DNA chains separateDNA chains separate ONE DNA chain is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chainONE DNA chain is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain RNA chain is released and the DNA chains reform the double-helixRNA chain is released and the DNA chains reform the double-helix In DNA In RNA A U T A G C C G

20. RNA Secondary Structure Single, Folded Chain Each RNA has a unique structure based on its nucleotide sequenceEach RNA has a unique structure based on its nucleotide sequence RNA-RNA Base Pairing RulesRNA-RNA Base Pairing Rules –A pairs with U –G pairs with C Can linkCan link –bases in proximity –distant base sequences

21. Functions of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids DNA Hereditary Material, specifies protein sequences RNA Intermediate in protein production Ribozymes RNA catalysts ATP Energy transfer GTP Activator/Inhibitor in Signal Transduction cAMP (cyclic AMP) Secondary messenger in Signal Transduction