1. Introduction to Animals Essential Questions: What makes an animal an animal? How are animals classified? What is an invertebrate versus a vertebrate? What are the various classes of invertebrates and vertebrates?

2. Kingdom Animalia  Eukaryotic  Multicellular  Heterotrophic  Evolved ways of moving to feed, reproduce, and protect themselves  Specialized cells that form tissues and organs like nerves and muscles  Cells do not have cell walls  Likely evolved from animal-like protists during the Cambrian period.

3. Essential Functions  All animals carry out the following: 1. Feeding: obtain food from the environment 2. Respiration: exchange O 2 and CO 2 3. Circulation: move materials around body 4. Excretion: get rid of wastes 5. Respond: process information with nerves 6. Move: all animals are motile at some point 7. Reproduce: most sexually, some asexually

4. What is coelom?  Coelom – fluid filled cavity that supports internal organs.  Acoelomates – have no internal cavity. Example: Flatworms  Pseudocoelomates – a body cavity develops between endoderm and mesoderm. Example: Roundworms  Coelomates – internal organs suspended in a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Example: Humans & Insects Why the Coelom? The coelom is significant because as animals evolved, so did the presence of a complex body cavity to support more complex organs!

5. Reproduction & Development  Animals mainly reproduce sexually External fertilization (in water) External fertilization (in water) Internal fertilization (on land) Internal fertilization (on land)  Steps of Development:  Most animals develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote)  Fertilization – sperm meets egg, either within or outside the body  The Unicellular zygote divides by mitosis = cleavage  A hollow ball of cells forms a blastula (fluid filled ball of cells.)  Gastrulation (folding inward) occurs to form 2 cells layers: ectoderm and endoderm  Mesoderm forms which will form the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system and respiratory system

6. Symmetry  Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry.  Asymmetry – irregular in shape Example: Sponge only!  Radial Symmetry – can be divided through along any plane into halves from the mouth. Example: Hydra  Bilateral Symmetry – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror images.  Cephalization: concentration of sense organs at the front (top) of the body Example: Humans

7. Body Plans

8. Body Positioning Bisymmetrical animals have 4 parts:  Anterior: the head end, where sensory organs are located  Posterior: the tail end (anus)  Dorsal: Back surface where the spine is located  Ventral: The belly side Other:  Transverse: Cross section straight through.

9. Framework for support: Skeletons  Exoskeletons – hard, waxy covering on the exterior of the body. Prevent water loss, protect soft tissues  Endoskeletons – internal skeleton for support made of Calcium Carbonate (starfish), cartilage (sharks) or bone (humans) Protects internal organs and an internal brace for muscles to pull against  Invertebrates – an animal without a backbone; usually has exoskeleton Echinoderms have endoskeletons  Vertebrates – an animal with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeleton To survive on land, it is important to have a strong skeleton. WHY?

10. Types of Skeletons  There are 3 types of Skeletons 1. Hydrostatic 2. Endoskeleton 3. Exoskeleton Vertebrate skeletons are made of cartilage and/or bone  Exoskeletons provide more protection, however endoskeletons provide greater movement and freer growth. Why? Exoskeletons must be molted in order for the organism to grow, leaving it open to damage!

11. Invertebrates  Make up 95% of all animals  Have no backbone, or vertebral column, mostly have exoskeletons.  Ruled the Earth during the early Paleozoic Era/Cambrian Period (540-500 mya) Called the “Age of Invertebrates” Called the “Age of Invertebrates”  Open circulatory systems (with a one chambered “heart”) Cannot process Oxygen very well, restricts their size and survival on land. Cannot process Oxygen very well, restricts their size and survival on land.

12. Invertebrate Phyla  Phylum Porifera - Sponges  Phylum Cnidaria – Corals, Hydra & Jellyfish  Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms  Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms  Phylum Mollusca – Snails, squid & Clams  Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms  Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, spiders, lobsters  Phylum Enchinodermata – Starfish  Invertebrate chordates – Sea squirts, Lancelets

13. Your Turn!

14. What is a Vertebrate?  A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone  Classification: Kingdom – Animalia / Phylum – Chordata / Subphylum - Vertebrata  Characteristics Have an endoskeleton Have an endoskeleton The backbone gives support to the body and protection to the spinal cord The backbone gives support to the body and protection to the spinal cord Cephalization = means the sensory organs and well developed brain located in a skull Cephalization = means the sensory organs and well developed brain located in a skull Closed circulatory system w/a multichambered heart Closed circulatory system w/a multichambered heart

15. Vertebrates: Am I hot or not?  The major difference between vertebrates is whether or not they can regulate their own body temperature.  Ectotherms – regulated by environment Example: fish, frogs, snakes Example: fish, frogs, snakes  Endotherms – regulated by their own body Example: mammals, humans Example: mammals, humans Animals that are ectothermic (like snakes) don’t require food as much as endotherms. What does this mean in terms of food requirements and the generation of body heat? How does this fact restrict where certain types of animals can live? If the environment were to suddenly get cold (like an ice age), which of the animals could survive?

16. The Human Vertebrate Skeleton  There are 206 bones in the human body  Muscles aid in skeletal movement. There are 100 joints in the human body and 639 different muscles.  Muscles and bones attach by tendons and ligaments Tendons: Muscle to Bone Tendons: Muscle to Bone Ligaments: Bone to Bone Ligaments: Bone to Bone  Bones… make blood, make blood, store minerals, store minerals, protect internal organs protect internal organs and allow movement and allow movement

17. Axial versus Appendicular Skeleton  There are two sections to the vertebrate skeleton: 1) Axial skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. Protects internal organs! 2) Appendicular Skeleton that includes the arm, leg bones, pelvis and shoulder. Allows for Locomotion!

18. Movement: Joints  There are four major Joints in the skeleton 1) Ball and Socket – allows for a wide range of motion (shoulder, hip) 2) Hinge – back and forth motion (elbow, knee) 3) Pivot – bones rotate around one another (base of skull) 4) Saddle/Gliding – bones slide over one another (wrist, ankle)

19. Vertebrate Phyla  Fish – jawless fish, cartilage fish, bony fish  Amphibians – Frogs  Reptiles – Snakes, Turtles  Avians – all Birds  Mammals – have mammary glands and hair/fur placental mammals (95% of all mammals) placental mammals (95% of all mammals) marsupials (pouched mammals) marsupials (pouched mammals) monotremes (egg laying mammals) monotremes (egg laying mammals)

20. Vertebrate Phyla Chart

21. Your Turn!

22. Vertebrates - Fish  Fish are well adapted to water. (Evolved first in Earth’s massive oceans)  Ruled the Earth During the Devonian Period. (408 – 360 mya) “Age of Fishes”  Respire through Gills. Water rushes into the mouth, flaps called opercula open and water is forced over the gills where Oxygen is absorbed and Carbon Dioxide is released  Closed, Single loop circulatory system with a 2 chambered heart  Have a swim bladder for buoyancy (won’t sink)  Scales for protection and insulation  Reproduce Sexually and typically Externally. There are distinct sexes with fish, although fertilization maybe internal or external but always have many offspring, why? There are distinct sexes with fish, although fertilization maybe internal or external but always have many offspring, why? Lots of offspring = little to no parental involvement. Lots of offspring = little to no parental involvement. Exception to the Rule: Male SeahorsesException to the Rule: Male Seahorses

23. 3 Types of Fish  Agnathans – Jawless Fish. The most primitive fish, like lamprey.  Chondrichthyes – Cartilage Fish. (That’s what their skeleton is made up from, instead of bone.) Adapted to deep sea life, like sharks  Osteichthyes – Bony Fish. Adapted to live in shallow ocean and freshwater.

24. Class Amphibia  Characteristics external fertilization (must happen in water) external fertilization (must happen in water) Double loop closed circulatory system with a Three chambered heart Double loop closed circulatory system with a Three chambered heart Breathes via primitive lungs and through their moist skin Breathes via primitive lungs and through their moist skin Highly dependent on a source of water for surivival.Highly dependent on a source of water for surivival. ectothermal – body temperature changes with surroundings ectothermal – body temperature changes with surroundings metamorphisis – aquatic larva  semi-terrestrial adults metamorphisis – aquatic larva  semi-terrestrial adults Ruled the earth during the Permian Period (280-248 mya) “Age of Amphibians” Ruled the earth during the Permian Period (280-248 mya) “Age of Amphibians”  Three Orders Caudata: salamanders and newts Caudata: salamanders and newts Anura: frogs and toads Anura: frogs and toads Apoda: legless caecilians Apoda: legless caecilians

25. Class Reptilia  Characteristics: Ruled the Earth during the Mesozoic Era (248-65 mya) Called the “Age of Reptiles.” Ruled the Earth during the Mesozoic Era (248-65 mya) Called the “Age of Reptiles.” scaly skin and respire via Lungs only. scaly skin and respire via Lungs only. reproduce internally. reproduce internally. on land and lay amniotic eggson land and lay amniotic eggs ectothermal ectothermal Closed loop with 3-chambered heart Closed loop with 3-chambered heart (except crocs and alligators, have a 4 chambered heart)(except crocs and alligators, have a 4 chambered heart) Some or no parental involvement in raising offspring. (Crocs yes, snakes no) Some or no parental involvement in raising offspring. (Crocs yes, snakes no)  Orders: Squamata, Crocodilia, Testudines

26. Your Turn!

28. Class Aves  Characteristics: Feathers and possibly wings (may or may not fly) Feathers and possibly wings (may or may not fly) Wings, scaly legs Wings, scaly legs Highly Oxygen efficient 4 chambered heart, Highly Oxygen efficient 4 chambered heart, Flying birds: 1 way respiratory system for constant intake of oxygenFlying birds: 1 way respiratory system for constant intake of oxygen Hollow and fused bones to remain light for flight Hollow and fused bones to remain light for flight Endothermic – maintain a constant body temperature (can live anywhere on Earth) Endothermic – maintain a constant body temperature (can live anywhere on Earth) Internal fertilization and lay amniotic eggs Internal fertilization and lay amniotic eggs Fewer offspring and a High level of parental involvement in raising offspring. Fewer offspring and a High level of parental involvement in raising offspring.

29. Class Mammalia  Characteristics: Hair or Fur Hair or Fur Rules the Earth in the Cenozoic Era (65 mya to today) Called the “Age of Mammals.” Rules the Earth in the Cenozoic Era (65 mya to today) Called the “Age of Mammals.” Quaternary Period (1.8 mya to today) called "The Age of Man"Quaternary Period (1.8 mya to today) called "The Age of Man" nurse young – have mammary glands nurse young – have mammary glands Endothermal – can live anywhere on Earth Endothermal – can live anywhere on Earth Highly Oxygen efficient 4-chambered heart Highly Oxygen efficient 4-chambered heart Respire though lungs only (including whales) Respire though lungs only (including whales) different types of teeth adapted to their unique diet. different types of teeth adapted to their unique diet. Sharp canines – CarnivoresSharp canines – Carnivores Flat molars – HerbivoresFlat molars – Herbivores Mixed canines & molars - OmnivoresMixed canines & molars - Omnivores Few offspring and High level of parental involvement in raising offspring Few offspring and High level of parental involvement in raising offspring

30. Types of Mammals  Subclasses – based on type of reproduction Placental (95%) – young fully develops in uterus before birth Placental (95%) – young fully develops in uterus before birth Marsupials – short period of development inside the moth followed by a second period of development inside pouch Marsupials – short period of development inside the moth followed by a second period of development inside pouch Monotremes (3 species) – lay eggs, platypus and 2 echidnas Monotremes (3 species) – lay eggs, platypus and 2 echidnas

31. Your Turn!