1. 1 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO CFCs AND HCFCs OZONE CELL GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS

2. 2 INTRODUCTION  Significant progress has been made in eliminating Ozone Depleting Substances since the entry into force of the Montreal Protocol in 1987.  India became party to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone layer on 19 th June, 1991 and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the ozone layer on 17 th September, 1992.  India was classified as a party operating under Paragraph-1, Article-5 of the Montreal Protocol and thus qualified for technical and financial assistance, including transfer of technology, through the financial mechanism of the Montreal Protocol.

3. 3 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ?  India has phased out production and consumption of CFCs, CTC and halons except use of pharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing of Metered Dose Inhalers for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients.  The use of CFC, CTC and halon has been phased out with the appropriate technology transfer and using alternate non-ODS technology.  The substitute technologies have been identified in the Foam, Refrigeration & Air conditioning, Aerosol and various other sectors for phasing out ODSs and switching over to non-ODS.

4. 4 Montreal Protocol on Alternatives: An Introduction  Providing measures for transfer of alternatives technologies to developing countries by providing international cooperation in the field of research, development and transfer of alternative technologies relating to the control and reduction of emissions of substances that deplete the ozone layer, bearing in mind particular the needs of developing countries.  The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) provides, at the request of Meeting of the Parties, technical information related to the alternative technologies that have been investigated and employed to make it possible to virtually eliminate use of Ozone Depleting Substances.

5. 5 Guidelines for selecting alternatives  Environmental aspects  Human health and safety aspects  The technical feasibility  Commercial availability and performance

6. 6 Guidelines for selecting alternatives (contd..)  Economic aspects including cost comparison among different technology options taking into account: I.All interim steps leading to final ODS elimination; II.Social costs; III.Dislocation costs etc.  Country specific circumstances and due local expertise.

7. 7 Alternative Substitutes: Characteristics Alternatives to CFCs/HCFCs Flamm -ability Toxicity ODP GWP Performance

8. 8 Requirements for the alternative substance The alternative substance whether used as refrigerant, blowing agent, solvent or fire suppressant, should: I.Have favorable physical and chemical properties for the concerned application II.Be inert and stable III.Be compatible with existing materials IV.Preferably non flammable V.Not be toxic VI.Have zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) VII.Be easily available

9. 9 Requirements for the alternative technology In addition to the substance the phase-out of ODS requires plant and process conversions which requires conversion in terms of performance, operation, maintenance and safety such as: I.Proven and reasonably mature technology II.End Product properties and performance should be maintained III.Cost effective conversion with minimal disruption of current manufacturing operations IV.Compliance with established local and international standards for health, safety and environment V.Implementable in a relatively short time frame

10. 10 Technology Options for Phase-out in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector Sub- sector ODS Used Preferred alternatives/ Substitutes Domestic Refrigeration CFC-12, CFC-11 and HCFC-141b HFC-134a, Isobutane, HC blend, Cyclopentane, HFC-245fa, HFC- 365mfc, HFC-1234ze, Methylal Refrigerated Cabinets CFC-12, CFC-11 and HCFC-141b HFC-134a, HC-600a Blends of HC- 290 and HC-600a, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc,HFC-1234ze, Methylal Water Coolers CFC-12, HCFC-22 HFC-134a, HC-290, HFC-32, R- 407C, R-410A Mobile (car, refrigerated trucks, train) CFC-12, HCFC-22 HFC-134a, HFC-1234yf, R-407C, R-410A, CO2 Room A/CHCFC-22, CFC-12 R-410A, HC-290, HFC-32

11. 11 Technology Options for Phase-out in Aerosol Sector Sub-sector ODS Used Preferred alternatives/ Substitutes Perfumes, shaving foams, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, Paints etc CFC-12, CFC-11 HAP (Di-methyl Ether) Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs) CFC-11 CFC-12 Hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA) Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) No need of propelling agent

12. 12 Technology Options for Phase-out in Foam Sector Sub-sector ODS Used Preferred alternatives/ Substitutes Flexible PUF Slabstock CFC-11Methylene Chloride Flexible Moulded PUF CFC-11Water blown technology ThermowareCFC-11, HCFC-141b HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, Water, Methyl Formate Integral Skin PUFCFC-11, HCFC-141b HFC-245fa, Water, Hydrocarbons-n- pentane Phenolic FoamsCFC-11Hydrocarbons Rigid PUF General Insulation (other than refrigeration) CFC-11, HCFC-141b Cyclopentane, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, HFC-1234ze, Methyl Formate, Methylal

13. 13 THANK YOU