3.  The CSR concept stems from the philosophy that a company reaps benefits from the environment in which it operates and the society to which it belongs and hence it is duty bound to provide for the upliftment of the society by doing more than by just giving employment.

4.  The benefits of CSR are:  Makes the company a preferred employer.  Retains customers and greatly contributes to the customer loyalty with the belief that upliftment of the society is taken care.  Keeps the work force happy with a sense of achievement and work satisfaction.  It also acts as a tool in attracting investments and funding opportunities.  It greatly increases the reputation and standing of the company.  It generates good publicity and pride for the company, its management, shareholders and the employees.

5.  Applicability:  As per Clause 135, CSR is mandated for the following companies:  Companies having net worth of Rs.500 Crores or more or  Companies having turnover of Rs.1000 Crores or more or  Companies having a net profit of Rs.5 Crores or more.  CSR is applicable to all companies irrespective of the fact whether they are private or public or listed.

6.  CSR Activities, specified in Schedule VII includes  Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty, promotion of education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, ensuring environmental sustainability, promoting employment enhancing vocational skills, social business projects.

8.  Frugal innovation, in a nutshell refers to making do with what one has to solve one’s problems (also implying a certain degree of improvisation).  In a business context it means bringing innovative products to market despite limited resources.  Frugal innovation results in great value: no-frills, good quality, functional products that are also affordable to the customer with modest means.

9.  Examples of Frugal Innovation: 1. Tata Nano - Equipped with only the bare essentials, the car is mainly aimed at the domestic market. 2. Dabbawalas - collect freshly cooked meals in boxes from the homes of Mumbai residents and deliver them to the workplace for a (very) modest monthly fee. 3. Cloud computing - eliminates the need for expensive local storage on computers, and optimizes the use of remote data servers due to scale advantages.

10.  Examples of Frugal Innovation: 4. Amma Canteen, Amma Theater Complex, Amma Medicals, etc. 5. Microfinance business. 6. Chotukool – Godrej.

12. 2008 Sem 12 ICT4 SED T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 Population in million 10 mil 50 mil 150 mil 200 mil 550 mil Purchasing Power > 5 lakhs 3 to 5 lakhs 1 to 3 lakhs 50K to 1 lakh less than 50K

14.  Six Sigma is a management philosophy developed by Motorola that emphasizes setting extremely high objectives, collecting data, and analyzing results to a fine degree as a way to reduce defects in products and services.  The philosophy behind Six Sigma is that if you measure how many defects are in a process, you can figure out how to systematically eliminate them and get as close to perfection as possible. In order for a company to achieve Six Sigma, it cannot produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.

15.  Benefits includes:  50% process cost reduction,  cycle-time improvement,  less waste of materials,  a better understanding of customer requirements,  increased customer satisfaction, and  more reliable products and services.  It is acknowledged that Six Sigma can be costly to implement and can take several years before a company begins to see bottom-line results.