1. The Devil’s in the Details Transits in detail Telescopes

2. Last time…. Radial velocity – Measures Doppler shift – Planet’s mass – Must be in line-of-sight of observer – Need a large telescope for high-precision measurements 1 m/s ~ 1 Earth-sized planet, need 6 m class telescope Transit – Measures drop in light as planet moves in front of or behind host star – Planet’s radius – Must be in line-of-sight of observer – Can do with a relatively small telescope

3. Transit What is it measuring?

4. Transit The atmosphere + the planet’s disk

5. Transit The atmosphere + the planet’s optically-thick disk

6. Transit The atmosphere + the planet’s optically-thick disk

7. Transit Amount of atmospheric absorption will change with wavelength

8. Transit Amount of atmospheric absorption will change with wavelength

9. Transit So a planet’s radius will change with wavelength due to absorption by different molecules in its atmosphere

10. So…. If we measure the transit of an exoplanet at different wavelengths… – We can measure how its radius varies with wavelength – Indicates its atmospheric structure and content Atmospheric structure = how temperature varies with altitude Atmospheric content = what molecules are present

11. Example! Detection of H 2 scattering Zellem et al. (in prep.)

12. Example! Detection of H 2 scattering

13. Another Example! Detection of water, methane, and carbon dioxide in a hot Jupiter’s atmosphere Swain et al. (2009)

14. Measuring radii at the 61” Planet has same signature in the infrared (IR) despite differing atmospheric contents optical Signal very different in the optical Benneke & Seager (2013)

15. Why are the IR signatures the same? In the IR, a small planet with a thick atmosphere can block as much light as a large planet with a small atmosphere – Hot Jupiter atmospheres are opaque in the IR

16. Why are the IR signatures the same? In the IR, a small planet with a thick atmosphere can block as much light as a large planet with a small atmosphere – Hot Jupiter atmospheres are opaque in the IR =

17. However, not the same in the visible In the visible, the planet’s atmosphere is now transparent, so a small planet will look different than a large one

18. However, not the same in the visible In the visible, the planet’s atmosphere is now transparent, so a small planet will look different than a large one ≠

19. Rob does spectroscopy magic

20. Measuring radii at the 61” Planet has same signature in the infrared (IR) despite differing atmospheric contents optical Signal very different in the optical Benneke & Seager (2013)

22. Telescopes

23. History First telescopes were refractors in the Netherlands in 1608 Galileo heard about them in 1609 and built his own – First person to point towards the heavens – Discovered craters on Moon, moons of Jupiter, Saturn’s rings

24. Refractors vs. Reflectors Refractor: objective lens on front refracts (focuses) light at the back end of the telescope – Lens can obscure image – Very long focal length, so telescope itself is long

25. Refractors vs. Reflectors Reflector: primary mirror reflects light to a focal point – No more lens – Can reflect the image back on itself, makes shorter focal length and telescope – Developed by Newton in 1680 Most professional telescopes today are reflectors Schmidt-Cassegrain design

26. What is the 61”? Reflector or refractor?

27. What is the 61”? Light comes in the dome, hits primary mirror

28. What is the 61”? Reflected off of primary mirror and focused on secondary mirror

29. What is the 61”? Light reflects off of secondary mirror and is focused on detector

30. What is the 61”? REFLECTOR

31. Next time…. Learn about instrumentation used to collect data – CCDs – Spectrographs Start learning how we will reduce telescopic data

32. Calendar Next class: Friday October 24 Field trips! – Visit the 61” on Mount Bigelow Afternoon of Saturday November 1 Limited space for those who want to stick around through the night to help observe Will need people willing to help drive/carpool up the mountain – Mirror Lab Tour Friday November 14 from 4-5 PM