1. Section A2.4 Unit A Science 10

2. Objective Checklist At the end of this lesson, will be able to: Identify and classify acids and bases based on their properties Name acids and bases

3. Acids and Bases Important Control digestion in our bodies (stomach acid and activation and deactivation of enzymes) Found in foods and used in industry

4. Acid or a Base? Taste: Acids- sour (ex. Lemons- citric acid) Bases- bitter (ex. Soap) Touch: Bases- slippery to the touch and corrosive to the skin What does corrosive mean? Acids- not slippery and corrosive to the skin Reaction with Metal: Acids- react; forms H2 gas (bubble formation) Bases- don’t react

5. Using pH What is pH used for? What does the scale look like? What substance is considered neutral? Where do the following substances place on the scale? Acid rain, normal rain, lemon juice, stomach juices Baking soda, human blood, oven cleaner, window cleaner (ammonia)

6. Conductivity Both acids and bases have or form ions in solution electrolytes In solution, these ions can conduct electricity, so they are electrolytes Can you think of any everyday items that contain an acid or a base (alkali) to conduct electricity?

7. Indicators To determine pH and whether something is an acid or base, we use indicators Indicators change color depending on pH Litmus paper is created through extracting the chemical from lichens Acid: blue litmus paper turns red (BRA) Base: red litmus paper turns blue (RBB) Neutral: paper stays same color ACID RED BASE BLUE

8. Demonstration What color should the acid (lemon juice, citric acid) turn the blue litmus paper? Red litmus paper? What color should the base (bleach) turn the red litmus paper? Blue litmus paper? How do we test whether the unknown is an acid or base? If blue litmus stays blue, can we conclude that it is a base? Why or why not?

9. Recognizing Acids In acids, the formula often has a “H” (hydrogen ion – may be more than one) on the left side of the formula (ex. HCl) Can also appear on the right side as “-COOH” (organic acid group) (ex. CH3COOH) They are bonded to an anion (one or more non- metals) To identify acids from formulas, look for “H” on the left or “-COOH” on the right

10. Recognizing Acids Which of the following are acids? HBr(aq)NaCl(aq)H2SO4(aq)HCOOH(l) NaOH(aq)H2O(l)HNO3(aq)C 6 H 5 COOH(l) K2SO4(aq)

11. Naming Acids IUPAC method: name as an aqueous ionic compound What would HCl be using these rules? Another method: 1) When containing hydrogen and non-metallic element (anion name ends in –ide): Use prefix “hydro” and suffix “ic” Ex. HCl becomes hydrochloric acid What would HF be using this rule?

12. Naming Acids cont… 2) When acid contains oxygen (ex. H2SO4 (aq) ), name based on the anion What is the anion in H2SO4 (aq) ? If anion ends in “ate”, name of acid ends in “ic” Ex. H2SO4 (aq) contains sulfate anion (SO4 2- ) and is then named sulfuric acid What is the acid name of H3PO4 (aq) ? How do we approach naming it?

13. Naming Acids cont… 3) if anion ends in “ite”, name of acid ends in “ous” H 2 SO 3 (aq) contains the anion sulfite (SO 3 2- ), so the acid is named sulfurous acid What is the name of the acid HNO 2(aq) ?

14. Practice Acid FormulaName HNO3 (aq) chromic acid HI (aq) hydrobromic acid HClO (aq) nitric acid H2CrO4 (aq) hydroiodic acid HBr (aq) hypochlorous acid

15. For your reference Back of periodic table sheet

16. Recognizing Bases Often, bases are identified by presence of “OH - ” (hydroxide ion) with a metal ion or the ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) It is more complicated than this, but for now: Any compound with high solubility and an OH on right is a base Name base as would name an ionic compound What would NaOH be named using rules we already know?

17. Practice BaseName KOH(s) ammonium hydroxide calcium hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s) aluminium hydroxide potassium hydroxide NH4OH(aq) magnesium hydroxide Al(OH)3(s) Ca(OH)2

18. Neutralization Reaction between acid and a base which produces water and a salt The acidic and basic properties disappear Why would this be important? Give an example Ex. A bee’s sting contains methanoic acid which dissolves nerve endings in the skin (lots of pain!). Sting creams containing ammonia limit the pain as the ammonia neutralizes the acid

19. Neutralization Demo What pH is water? Is vinegar an acid or a base? What color do we observe initially? If I add alka-seltzer (a base) predict the color change What do we observe as I add the base? Explain why this occurred