1. Chapter 14 Section 14.1 Types of Mixtures

2. Types of Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances that are not chemically combined

3. Types of Mixtures
No Chemical Changes in a Mixture No chemical changes happen when a mixture is made. So, each substance has the same chemical makeup it had before the mixture was formed. Making a mixture is a
physical change.

4. TYPES OF MIXTURES
A- Heterogeneous mixture: mixture in which individual substances remain distinct. The different components can be seen as individual substances. We can almost separate the components with our eyes. The particles are visible (bigger particles)

5. Heterogeneous mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures are those where the substances are not distributed evenly

6. There are two types of Heterogeneous mixtures:
1- SUSPENSIONS: is a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or a gas but are large enough that they settle out if left undisturbed . A suspension can be separated by passing it through a filter. So suspension will separate into 2 distinct layers if left undisturbed for awhile; water on the top and solidlike on the bottom. When stirred, the solidlike substance quickly begins flowing like a liquid, substances behave like this is called thixotropic

7. There are two types of Heterogeneous mixtures:
2- COLLOIDS: is a mixture in which the particles are spread throughout but are not large enough to settle out. Particles diameter is between 1 nm to 1000 nm. Milk is a colloid; Its components can not be separated by settling or filtration
The most abundant substance in the mixture is the dispersion medium
Colloids are categorized according to the phases of their dispersed particles and dispersing mediums.

8. Types of colloids Category Example Dispersed Particles
Dispersing Medium
Solid sol
colored gems
solid
Sol
blood, gelatin
liquid
Solid emulsion
butter, cheese
Emulsion
milk, mayonnaise
Solid foam
marshmallow, soaps that float
gas
Foam
whipped cream, beaten egg white
Solid aerosol
smoke, dust in air
Liquid aerosol
spray deodorant, fog, clouds

9. Explain why?
Explain why The dispersed particles in a colloid are prevented from settling out?
because The dispersing medium particles form charged layers around the colloid particles. These charged layers repel each other and keep the particles from settling out.

10. How?
How can you settle colloid particles out of the mixture?
1- If you interfere with the electrostatic layering, colloid particles will settle out of the mixture. For example, if you stir an electrolyte into a colloid, the dispersed particles clump together, destroying the colloid.
2- Heating also destroys a colloid because it gives colliding particles enough kinetic energy to overcome the electrostatic forces and settle out.

11. Brownian motion
Brownian motion is the erratic movement of colloid particles.
Explain how Brownian motion results?
It results from collisions of particles of the dispersion medium with the dispersed particles. These collisions help to prevent the colloid particles from settling out of the mixture.
Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect. Which happened when dispersed colloid particles scatter light

12. Tyndall effect

13. TYPES OF MIXTURES
2- HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: Composed of two or more substances and have variable composition BUT The particles are distributed evenly throughout each other SO
the composition is uniform
the solution appears to be one substance
When you look at a solution, it is not possible to distinguish the solute from the solvent.

14. Solutions: are groups of molecules that are mixe up in a completely even distribution
• A solution consists of a
1- solute: dissolved in a solvent.
2- Solvent: substance that dissolves another
continuous phase -salt dissolved in water appears to be a liquid

15. Types of solutions: A solution might exist as a gas, a liquid, or a solid, depending on the state of its solvent

16. Forming solutions
A substance that dissolves in a solvent is said to be soluble in that solvent. For example, sugar is soluble in water
Two liquids that are soluble in each other in any proportion, such as those that form the antifreeze are said to be miscible
A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent is said to be insoluble in that solvent. Sand is insoluble in water.
Two liquids that can be mixed together but separate shortly after are said to be immiscible.

17. Questions
Q: Distinguish between suspensions and colloids.
Suspension particles are larger than colloidal particles. Suspension particles settle out of the mixture, whereas colloidal particles do not.
Q: Identify the various types of solutions. Describe the characteristics of each type of solution.
All solutions are homogeneous mixtures containing two or more substances. Solutions might be liquid, solid, or gas. Solution types are identified in Table 14.2.

18. Questions
Q: Explain Use the Tyndall effect to explain why it is more difficult to drive through fog using high beams than using low beams.
High beams are aimed farther down the road than low beams. Because the fog scatters light, there is less light from the high beams to illuminate the road than from the low beams. Also, because the high beams are aimed more directly into the fog, more of their light is reflected back toward the driver, making it more difficult to see.

19. Questions
Q: Explain Why do dispersed colloid particles stay dispersed?
The particles do not settle out because they have polar or charged layers surrounding them. These layers repel each other and prevent the particles from settling or separating.
Q: Summarize What causes Brownian motion?
Collisions of particles of the dispersion medium with the dispersed particles results in Brownian motion.

20. Questions
Q: Make a comparison between solution, colloid and suspension

21. End of section 14.1