2.  Identify individuals from unique genetic code  In every nucleated cell in the human body  Can be extracted from blood, semen, urine, bone, hair follicles, and saliva

5. There are about 20,000-25,000 genes in the human genome. Most of your DNA (98%) does not code for proteins.

6. Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a macromolecule containing the sugar deoxyribose. It is a polymer made of two strands of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of three parts…a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are only four different nitrogenous bases…Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

8. Eye color Hair color Skin color freckles Widows peak Gene; a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

9. One strand of nucleotides

10. The hydrogen bonds are very weak, so the two strands can “unzip” allowing the base sequence to be “read” when the DNA copies itself, or when the gene’s instructions are used to create proteins.

12. The order of the 3 billion base pairs is 99.9% identical in all humans. The unique 0.1% gives us incredible diversity.

13. Types of DNA Nuclear  found in the nucleus  constitutes 23 pairs of chromosomes inherited from both parents  each cell contains only one nuclei Mitochondrial  found in the cytoplasm  is inherited only from mother  each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria  can be found in skeletal remains

14. Nuclear DNA is present in the head of the sperm. Mitochondrial DNA is present in the tail. At conception, the head of the sperm enters the egg and unites with the nucleus. The tail falls off, losing the father’s mitochondrial DNA.

18. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 1. After isolating the DNA from the cell, restriction enzymes are used to “chop up” the DNA into small pieces (or DNA “fragments”). Different restriction enzymes recognize different DNA sequences and therefore cut the DNA at different places in the sequence. You end up with many fragments of different lengths (they’re polymorphic).

19. Animation

21. 2. Now, the many fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis. A gel provides a barrier through which the DNA fragments can slowly travel. An electrical current draws the negatively charged DNA from one end of the gel to the other, but the polymorphic fragments don’t travel at the same speed, so they’re separated by size and charge. AnimationVirtual lab

24. Unique banding pattern is your DNA profile or DNA fingerprint

25. Make millions of copies of DNA from a small sample Quick and easy in the lab, DNA less susceptible to degradation Requires 50x less DNA than what is needed for RFLP Contaminant DNA will be amplified as well

28. Used more commonly than RFLP because: Takes less time Requires less of a sample size Is more exclusionary (eliminates more people as the source of the DNA)

29. STR’s are locations (loci) on the chromosome that contain short sequences of 2 to 5 bases that repeat themselves in the DNA molecule. They are “markers” not found in the “coding” part of a gene.

30. THO1  One commonly used STR  5 – 11 repeats of A-A-T-G on chromosome 11 in the introns of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene  There are 7 variants of THO1 in humans

31. Short Tandem Repeats (STR)  STR typing is visualized by peaks shown on a graph.  Each peak represents the size of the DNA fragment.

32. FBI’s CODIS DNA Database Combined DNA Index System  Used for linking serial crimes and unsolved cases with repeat offenders  Launched October 1998  Links all 50 states  Requires >4 RFLP markers and/or 13 core STR markers

33. CODIS

35. 1. Probability of Identity Is a measure of the likelihood that 2 random individuals will have an identical STR type

36. 2. Probability is determined By multiplying their frequencies

37. 3. Probability of another unrelated individual Having the first 3 STRs match is 1 in 5000 STR African-American U.S Caucasian D3S1358 0.097 0.080 vWA 0.074 0.068 FGA 0.036 0.041 8/100 x 6.8/100 x 4.1/100 = 223 / 1 000 000 ≈ 1 / 5000 in the U.S. Caucasian population

38. 4. The probability of frequency For the first 6 STRs is 1 in 2 million

39. 5. The probability of frequency of all 13 STRs is 1 in trillions (1 trillion= 1 000 000 000 000)

40. World population is over 7 billion!

41. Three Possible Outcomes  Match—The DNA profile appears the same. Lab will determine the frequency.  Exclusion—The genotype comparison shows profile differences that can only be explained by the two samples originating from different sources.  Inconclusive—The data does not support a conclusion as to whether the profiles match.

42. DNA Interactive The website below has a STR animation demonstration. Click on human identification, profiling and then on the third circle called Today’s DNA Profiling to see the demonstration. http://www.dnai.org/d/index.html

43. Nicole Brown Simpson’s blood a match for the blood on a piece of evidence. Data

44. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting A. Identification of remains

45. The Angel of Death: Josef Mengele

46. was a Nazi war criminal notorious for grotesque human experiments that he carried out at the Auschwitz concentration camp.

47.  After the Second World War he fled from the Allies and escaped to South America.  The fugitive succeeded in living out the rest of his days without being caught.

48. Embu 1985 Wolfgang Gerhard Died 1979

49. Using DNA extracted from blood provided by Mengele’s ex-wife and son, it was concluded that it was more than 99.94% certain that the skeleton was Mengele’s Irene Rolf

50. B. Paternity Cases Who’s your daddy?

51. 1. 2. 1. 2.

52. The Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson Controversy

53. Third president of the United States (1801–1809) Principal author of the Declaration of Independence and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States

54. When President John F. Kennedy welcomed forty-nine Nobel Prize winners to the White House in 1962 he said, "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent and of human knowledge that has ever been gathered together at the White House– with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.”

55. Jefferson has been consistently ranked by scholars as one of the GREATEST U.S.PRESIDENTS.

56. Jefferson owned many slaves over his lifetime.

57. Some find it baffling that Thomas Jefferson owned slaves yet was outspoken in saying that slavery was immoral and it should be abolished.

58. Biographers point out that Jefferson was deeply in debt and had encumbered his slaves by notes and mortgages; he chose not to free them until he finally was debt-free, which he never was.

59. Elizabeth HemingsJohn Wayles John’s slave Jefferson’s Father-in-law Sally Hemings (1773) 1776 3a.

60. Jefferson had “kept as his concubine, one of his own slaves” and had “several children” by her In a Richmond newspaper

61. Madison and Eston claimed that Jefferson was their father. This belief was passed down through the generations.

62. Denied by his children on practical and moral grounds Jefferson descendants claim that Jefferson’s nephews – Peter and Samuel Carr – were the fathers of the light-skinned Monticello slaves some thought to be Jefferson’s children.

63. was sustained throughout the 19 th century by: abolitionists British critics of US democracy

64.  Conducted by Dr. Eugene Foster and a team of geneticists in 1998  No direct male descendants of Thomas Jefferson have survived

65. Tested Y- chromosomal DNA samples from male-line descendants of  Field Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson’s uncle),  John Carr (paternal grandfather of Samuel and Peter Carr)  Eston Hemings (Sally’s second son)  Thomas C. Woodson (reputed to be Sally’s first son)

67.  (1) Found NO LINK between the descendants of Field Jefferson and Thomas C. Woodson (reputed to be Sally’s first son, but no records of his birth have been found to substantiate this) X

68.  (2) Found NO LINK between Hemings and Carr descendants X

69. (3) Found that an individual carrying the male Jefferson Y- chromosome fathered Eston Hemings (born 1808), the last known child of Sally Hemings.

70. No, it means that he COULD BE the father of Eston Hemings.

71. who carried this chromosome living in Virginia at the time, and a few of them are known to have visited Monticello

72. November, 1998 “Jefferson Fathered Slave’s Last Child”

73. issued a report in January 2000 concluding that there is a strong likelihood that Thomas Jefferson was the father of at least one and perhaps all the children of Sally Hemings.

74. The Monticello Association

75. An organization for descendants of Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize and admit any descendants of Sally Hemings

76.  The Monticello Association, decided to continue to restrict membership to Jefferson's descendants through his daughters Martha and Maria.

77.  Sally Hemings (1773-1835) was a slave at Monticello,  She lived in Paris with Jefferson and two of his daughters from 1787- 1789  Sally had 6 children

78.  Harriet (born 1795; died in infancy)  Beverly (born 1798)  An unnamed daughter (born 1799; died in infancy)  Harriet (born 1801)  Madison (born 1805)  Eston (born 1808)

79. Sally Hemings: Nursemaid - companion to Jefferson’s daughter Maria Lady’s maid to daughters Martha and Maria seamstress

80. No known images of Sally Hemings

81. It is not known if she was literate

82.  Scattered references to Sally in Thomas Jefferson’s records  There is nothing to distinguish her from any other members of her family or any other slaves

85.  Light-skinned and three of them, daughter Harriet and sons Beverly and Eston lived as members of white society

86. Some of Sally’s children Strongly resembled Jefferson

87. Freed by Jefferson during his lifetime:  Robert Hemings (1762-1819), freed 1794  James Hemings (1765-1801), freed 1796 Freed in 1826-1827, by the terms of Jefferson's will:  Joseph (Joe) Fossett (1780-1858)  Burwell Colbert (1783-1850+)  Madison Hemings (1805-1856)  John Hemmings (1776-1833)  Eston Hemings (1808-1856) Left Monticello, with Jefferson's tacit consent, in 1804 and 1822:  James Hemings (born 1787)  Beverly Hemings (born 1798)  Harriet Hemings (born 1801)

88. JEFFERSON GAVE FREEDOM TO NO OTHER NUCLEAR SLAVE FAMILY

89.  Jefferson did not free Sally Hemings. She was permitted to leave Monticello by Maria Jefferson Randolph not long after Jefferson’s death in 1826 and went to live with her sons Madison and Eston in Charlottesville.  Eston Hemings Changed his name to Eston Hemings Jefferson in 1852  Madison Hemings stated in 1873 that he and his siblings were Thomas Jefferson’s children.

90. Who lived as whites, passed down A family history of being related to Thomas Jefferson

91. Who have lived as African-Americans have passed a family history of descent from Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings

92. Stands by its original findings - that the weight of evidence suggests that Jefferson probably was the father of Eston Hemings and perhaps the father of all of Sally Heming’s children – but is ready to review new evidence at any time and to reassess its understanding of this matter in the light of new information.