1. Two and Three Year Olds FACS Standards 4.2.1, 4.2.2 Herr, Judy. Working with Young Children. The Goodheart-Wilcox Co., Inc. 2008.

2. Physical development of 2 year olds Rapid growth of infancy slows Will grow 2-3 inches in height and add about 5 pounds in weight Eyes, stomach, heart, and lungs become stronger Digestive system matures

3. Coordination improves – less top heavy and center of gravity shifts downward Can master a variety of gross motor skills 0 can run and jump without falling Fine-motor skills also improving

4. Gross-motor Development Improved body control and coordination – playing with a ball possible – band at waist, kick ball, throw ball More control of leg and foot muscles Walk up and down stairs alternating feet Stand on both feet on a balance beam

5. Walk on toes Jump off floor with both feet Balance on one foot Standing broad jump Sit on riding toy and push it with both feet

6. Fine-motor Development Finger dexterity and control Insert key in lock and turn it; turn pages in a book; string beads or spools; lace cards; hold scissors; open and close scissors

7. Hand preference developed – will use same hand for fine-motor activities; may still switch hands for some things Use writing tools to scribble at 24 months By 30 months, draw horizontal and vertical lines and circles with crayon or pencil in fist

8. Build block towers with 6-7 blocks 2 or more blocks for a train and push blocks along

9. Self-Help Skills 2 year olds can help in dressing First can undress selves – first shoes and socks, then unsnap Then can dress themselves – pull on garments, zip zippers

10. By 30 months unbutton large buttons, close snaps, put on socks Drink from glass or cup without help May spill often, but getting better Drink with straw, eat with a spoon, but may prefer fingers if hurried

11. At 2 will begin using toilet with prompts, but accidents are common Between 24 and 35 months, rare to have bowel accidents, but will continue to have wetting problems By 33 months can use toilet without help

12. Cognitive Development 2 year olds Focuses on 3 main areas: ▫Language comprehension skills ▫Expressive language skills ▫Math readiness skills These areas reflect child’s intelligence

13. Language Comprehension Skills Understanding of language Receptive or inner language More advanced than expressive language Understand more than can speak Grows rapidly for 2 year olds

14. “Why?” Can identify 6 body parts – enjoy playing “Where are your toes? Eyes? At 24 months understand pronouns – I, my, mine, me Can answer yes or no questions

15. By 30 months can follow 2-step commands Can give answers to where questions Know difference between soft and heavy; size concepts developing, space concepts developing – big, tall, on, under, out of, together, away from

16. Expressive Language Skills Ability to produce language forms Can express thoughts to others Develops quickly following a sequence Experiences affect rate and content of development

17. Provide an environment to stimulate language development Simple two word sentences 2 language strategies ▫Feeding in ▫expansion

18. Feeding - in Provide the child’s language Tell child what they are doing

19. Expansion Expanding their language Reframe their words into sentences

20. Average 2 year old vocabulary consists of 50-200 words Use words without understanding them Girls develop language skills faster than boys Don’t understand grammar enough to form questions

21. Make negative sentences Between 27 and 30 months begin using prepositions Modifiers added to language Quantifiers - some, a lot, all, one Possessives – mine, his, hers

22. Modifiers used as adjectives – pretty, new, blue Between 31 and 34 months add –ed to verbs Present tense verbs added – can, are, will, am

23. Math Readiness Skills Developed as children interact with one another and objects Understand size concepts Aware of shapes, forms, colors Sort by shape and color

24. Social-Emotional Development of 2 Year Olds Show many negative attitudes Like instant gratification Find it difficult to wait Because of these traits, adults will need patience with 2 year olds

25. Social Development At beginning of this stage, play along side others, but not cooperatively Interested in adults, so act out adult experiences – drive a car, make the bed, talk on the phone Possessive – don’t want to share, competition for toys

26. Use body language to express possessiveness Very physical in responses – push, hit, shove Don’t understand concept of sharing BUT, are affectionate – hug, hold hands Thrive on love and caring from adults; want to help

27. Emotional Development Want to control surroundings – when they can’t get frustrated and angry Temper tantrums – scream, kick, cry, stamp feet Not angry “at anyone”, just frustrated “at situation”

28. Fear becomes common – afraid of being hurt or harmed, have to do with imagination Dreams scare them because can’t separate reality from dreams Show love, support, and caring

29. Build trust and security at this time – VERY IMPORTANT Regular routines helps with this May need to sit by same person, too

30. Teaching 2 Year Olds Their development has strong effect on way you teach and work with them First observation of this age group might be that they are negative – they like the word “no;” they want their own way Patience and firm guidance

31. Egocentric – self-centered – believe everyone sees, feels, thinks like they do; they are not selfish Insist on doing things their way, their pace Adults will need patience and flexibility Noisy, curious, active, imitate

32. Like things done the same way – regular routine without many interruptions Temper tantrums normal – as adult remain calm and composed while dealing with the behavior May need to immobilize child or move child to safe area of room away from others

33. Physical Development of 3 Year Olds Playing is exploring Moving, tasting, smelling, touching Body coordination greatly improves

34. Gross-Motor Development Throwing, climbing, hopping, balancing, catching, riding and steering tricycle, balance on one foot, hop on one foot

35. Fine-Motor Development Skills continue to develop Cutting skills more refined – cut across paper, cut along lines not straying too far from line Begin drawing skills – shape of cross, copy a shape, trace a shape, draw faces – mouth, nose, eyes, ears – not in proportion, but in right place

36. Construct simple puzzles Build towers of 9-10 cubes

37. Self-Help Skills Increasingly self-sufficient Daily routines require less adult help Become better at dressing selves – open buckles, put on shoes that don’t tie, pull on pants and shirts, large buttons, have trouble telling front from back unless design on front

38. Able to use knives, can spread butter, jelly, peanut butter on bread, pour liquid from small pitcher Almost full control of toilet routines Can make it through the night without accidents – improved motor control

39. Cognitive Development of 3 Year Olds Thinking matures Solve simple problems, but don’t think logically Confused about time concepts, cause and effect Learn quickly – language comprehension, language expression, and math readiness continues to improve

40. Language Comprehension Skills Remember and follow 3 part instructions Understand pronouns – you and they Understand how to answer questions with – who, whose, why, and how Space concepts clearer – toward, up, top, apart, around, in front of, in back of, next to

41. Expressive Language Skills Use more than 900 words Improved grammar 4 or 5 word sentences Join sentences with conjunction Understand past and present tense, but don’t understand exceptions to the rules

42. Begin understanding possessive nouns Negatives not fully understood Do understand – no, not, can’t, don’t, nothing, never Begin using “why” and “when” Talk out loud to themselves

43. Math Readiness Skills Begin understanding full, more, less, smaller, empty, largest Constantly compare objects Counting begins, can count to 3 while pointing at objects

44. May be able to recite numbers higher than 3, but can’t count that number of objects Know the difference between one and many

45. Social-Emotional Development of 3 Year Olds Begin growing out of temper tantrums and contrariousness Become cooperative, happy, agreeable Learn socially acceptable ways of expressing feelings

46. Use language more effectively to communicate with others Begin forming friendships with peers

47. Social Development Eager to help others Learn new ways to show concern for others Learn positive ways to get attention Willing to accept attention of those they don’t know Better able to adjust to new people

48. Not as possessive – like to share some, but not too much Use language more to communicate with friends Begin learning gender roles – not as clearly defined as in past, but still important part of learning

49. Understand physical differences between boys and girls With proper role models, begin to learn to treat members of opposite sex with respect

50. Emotional Development Strong visible emotions Excited, angry, discouraged Begin to understand appropriate ways to express emotions – know that adults don’t approve of temper tantrums Eager to please others

51. No longer loud outbursts Improved coordination, so less likely to become frustrated when they cannot do something Likely to become angry when things don’t go their way Begin developing self-concept – way one sees self

52. Not as likely to be afraid of things they know Affectionate and seek affection in return Express their feelings by watching those around them

53. Teaching 3 Year Olds Typically happy, sociable, agreeable, eager to please, accept suggestions, adjust easily to new adults, classmates, and situations Enjoy playing – still enjoy playing alone, but will tolerate 2 or 3 in a group Will help another if they are hurt

54. Objects given to them will determine their dramatic play Become increasingly independent – feel they need to do things for themselves Provide encouraging words