1. Thursday, April 20, 2017
Critical care units
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2. Thursday, April 20, 2017
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3. Thursday, April 20, 2017
                              
                                      
                    
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4. An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Critical Care Unit (CCU
Thursday, April 20, 2017
An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Critical Care Unit (CCU
) is a specialised facility in a hospital that provides intensive care medicine. Many hospitals also have designated intensive care areas for certain specialities of medicine, as dictated by the needs and available resources of each hospital. The naming is not rigidly standardized.
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5. Specialized types of ICUs include
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Specialized types of ICUs include :
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
Special Care Baby unit (SCBU)
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)
Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)
Coronary Care Unit (CCU) for heart disease
Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU)
Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU)
Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit (CSICU)
Neuroscience Critical Care Unit (NCCU)
Overnight Intensive Recovery (OIR)
Neuro Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
Burn Wounds Intensive Care Unit
Trauma Intensive care Unit (TICU)
Shock Trauma Intensive care Unit (STICU)
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6. Thursday, April 20, 2017
Equipment and systems
Common equipment in an ICU includes mechanical ventilator; dialysis equipment for renal problems; equipment for the constant monitoring of bodily functions; a web of intravenous lines, feeding tubes, nasogastric tubes, suction pumps, drains and catheters; and a wide array of drugs to treat the main condition(s), induce sedation, reduce pain, and prevent secondary infections
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7. Mechanical ventilation
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Mechanical ventilation
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8. Mechanical ventilation
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Mechanical ventilation
is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing when patients cannot do so on their own, and must be done so after invasive intubation with an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube through which air is directly delivered (in contrast to noninvasive ventilation).
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9. Common indications for mechanical ventilation
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Common indications for mechanical ventilation
Apnea with respiratory arrest
Acute lung injury
Respiratory rate >30 breaths per minute
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Clinical deterioration
Respiratory muscle fatigue
Obtundation or coma
Hypotension
Tachypnea or bradypnea
Blood gases showing persistent hypoxemia
Acute partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) of >50 mm Hg with pH <7.25
Neuromuscular disease
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10. A mechanical ventilator
Thursday, April 20, 2017
A mechanical ventilator
is a machine that generates a controlled flow of gas into a patient’s airways. Oxygen and air are received from cylinders or wall outlets, the gas is pressure reduced and blended according to the prescribed inspired oxygen tension (FiO2), accumulated in a receptacle within the machine, and delivered to the patient using one of many available modes of ventilation.
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11. Thursday, April 20, 2017
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12. ways to ventilate a patient?
Thursday, April 20, 2017
ways to ventilate a patient?
There really is only two ways to ventilate a patient, using (conventional) positive pressure or negative pressure. Some of the earliest ventilators were negative pressure chambers (iron lungs).
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13. Thursday, April 20, 2017
Mode or Breath Pattern
CMV = Conventional controlled ventilation, without allowances for spontaneous breathing. Many anesthesia ventilators operate in this way.
Assist-Control = Where assisted breaths are facsimiles of controlled breaths.
Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation = Which mixes controlled breaths and spontaneous breaths. Breaths may also be synchronized to prevent "stacking".
Pressure Support = Where the patient has control over all aspects of his/her breath except the pressure limit.)
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14. Thursday, April 20, 2017
Modes of ventilation
Assist Control (AC). In this mode the ventilator provides a mechanical breath with either a preset tidal volume or peak pressure every time the patient initiates a breath. Traditional assist-control used only a preset tidal volume--when a preset peak pressure is used this is also sometimes termed Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation or IPPV
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15. Thursday, April 20, 2017
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16. Thursday, April 20, 2017
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17. Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV).
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV).
In this mode the ventilator provides a preset mechanical breath (pressure or volume limited) every specified number of seconds (determined by dividing the respiratory rate into 60 - thus a respiratory rate of 12 results in a 5 second cycle time). Within that cycle time the ventilator waits for the patient to initiate a breath using either a pressure or flow sensor. When the ventilator senses the first patient breathing attempt within the cycle, it delivers the preset ventilator breath. If the patient fails to initiate a breath, the ventilator delivers a mechanical breath at the end of the breath cycle. Additional spontaneous breaths after the first one within the breath cycle do not trigger another SIMV breath
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18. Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV).
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV).
In this mode the ventilator provides a mechanical breath on a preset timing. Patient respiratory efforts are ignored. This is generally uncomfortable for children and adults who are conscious and is usually only used in an unconscious patient. It may also be used in infants who often quickly adapt their breathing pattern to the ventilator timing.
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19. Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV).
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV).
This was developed as a method to decrease the work of breathing in-between ventilator mandated breaths. Thus, for example, SIMV might be combined with PSV so that additional breaths beyond the SIMV programmed breaths are supported. However, while the SIMV mandated breaths have a preset volume or peak pressure, the PSV breaths are designed to cut short when the inspiratory flow reaches a percentage of the peak inspiratory flow (e.g %). Also, the peak pressure set for the PSV breaths is usually a lower pressure than that set for the SIMV breath. PSV can be also be used as an independent mode..
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20. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP).
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP).
A continuous level of elevated pressure is provided through the patient circuit to maintain adequate oxygenation, decrease the work of breathing, and decrease the work of the heart (such as in left-sided heart failure - CHF). Note that no cycling of ventilator pressures occurs and the patient must initiate all breaths. In addition, no additional pressure above the CPAP pressure is provided during those breaths. CPAP may be used invasively through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy or non-invasively with a face mask or nasal prongs
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21. Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
is functionally the same as CPAP, but refers to the use of an elevated pressure during the expiratory phase of the ventilatory cycle. After delivery of the set amount of breath by the ventilator, the patient then exhales passively. The volume of gas remaining in the lung after a normal expiration is termed the functional residual capacity (FRC). The FRC is primarily determined by the elastic qualities of the lung and the chest wall. In many lung diseases, the FRC is reduced due to collapse of the unstable alveoli, leading to a decreased surface area for gas exchange and intrapulmonary shunting), with wasted oxygen inspired. Adding PEEP can reduce the work of breathing (at low levels) and help preserve FRC.
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22. Initial ventilator settings
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Initial ventilator settings
Tidal Volume, Rate, Pressures and Initial FiO2
For adult patients and older children
without existing lung disease -- a tidal volume of 12 mL per kg body weight is set to be delivered at a rate of 12 a minute (12-12 rule).
with COPD -- a reduced tidal volume of 10 ml/kg is to be delivered 10 times a minute to prevent overinflation and hyperventilation (10-10 rule).
with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) -- an even more reduced tidal volume of 6-8 mL/kg is used with a rate of 10-12/minute. This reduced tidal volume allows for minimal volutrauma but may result in an elevated pCO2 (due to the relative decreased oxygen delivered) but this elevation does not need to be corrected (termed permissive hypercapnia)
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23. Thursday, April 20, 2017
Alarms
Mechanical ventilators are equipped with alarms to notify you of any changes in their ventilation status. Here are some of the most common causes of low and high pressure alarm situations
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24. Low-Pressure Alarms Patient disconnection Circuit leaks Airway leaks
Thursday, April 20, 2017
Low-Pressure Alarms
Patient disconnection 
Circuit leaks 
Airway leaks 
Chest tube leaks 
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25. High-Pressure Alarms Patient coughing
Thursday, April 20, 2017
High-Pressure Alarms
Patient coughing 
Secretions or mucus in the airway 
Patient biting tube 
Airway problems 
Reduced lung compliance (eg. pneumothorax) 
Increased airway resistance 
Patient fighting the ventilator 
Accumulation of water in the circuit 
Kinking in the circuit 
Problems with inspiratory or expiratory valves 
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