1. Cold War Strategies Avoiding Nuclear War 1.Intervention Containment by military means 2.Détente Containment by engagement and management of Soviet behavior

2. 1. Intervention The Dilemma How do you contain communist military aggression without risking a nuclear war?

3. Korean War 1950-53 Limited WarLimited War –Goals –Weapons –Geography –Talk and Fight

4. Viet Nam (after 1954)

5. Strategic Logic Domino Theory

6. N. Vietnamese Strategy Classic Guerrilla Warfare –Mao Zedong –“a guerrilla wins by not losing” Insurgency Backed by USSR –“Wars of National Liberation”

7. Ho Chi Minh Trail

8. Containment and Domestic Politics JFK JFK LBJ LBJ

9. The Dilemma of Viet Nam Can’t lose South Viet NamCan’t lose South Viet Nam Can’t do what we need to winCan’t do what we need to win –Korea –WW III? SolutionSolution –Limited War –Coercive Diplomacy (Bombing)

10. From LBJ to Nixon LBJ says Goodbye Goodbye Nixon’s War

11. Shadow of Viet Nam Limits of US Power and ForceLimits of US Power and Force Wisdom of InterventionWisdom of Intervention Difficulties of Nation BuildingDifficulties of Nation Building NationalismNationalism Public OpinionPublic Opinion

12. Congress challenges President War Powers Resolution 1973 (PL 93- 148) (from Federation of American Scientists, see Appendix 3)War Powers Resolution 1973 (PL 93- 148) (from Federation of American Scientists, see Appendix 3)War Powers Resolution 1973War Powers Resolution 1973 Clark AmendmentClark Amendment to Arms Export Control Act 1976

13. End of US Foreign Policy Consensus? Truman Doctrine: Consensus L R L R Post-Viet Nam: Polarization

14. Viet Nam Syndrome http://pewresearch.org/pubs/432/iraq-and-vietnam-a-crucial- difference-in-opinion

15. 2. Détente The Dilemma How do you contain and compete with the USSR after Korea and Viet Nam

16. Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

17. Nixon and His Key Foreign Policy Adviser Nixon and Henry KissingerNixon and Henry Kissinger

18. Nixon-Kissinger Decision Making RN-HAK Process Nixon Kissinger NSC Staff

19. Why Détente? Strategic parityStrategic parity Sino-Soviet SplitSino-Soviet Split Viet Nam SyndromeViet Nam Syndrome

20. Strategic Parity Stockpiles

21. Sino-Soviet Split USSR NikitaLeonid KhrushchevBrezhnev 1956-19641964-1982 PRC Mao Zedong 1949-1976

22. Viet Nam Syndrome Nixon recognizes this: Nixon DoctrineNixon Doctrine –Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A) Remarks July 25, 1969 Remarks July 25, 1969 –Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969 Address to the nationAddress to the nation

23. Detente 1.Still containment 2.New Goal: Change USSR behavior 3.Old-school Balance of Power

24. 1.Arms Control Policy Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, May 1972 Interim Agreement on Offensive ArmsInterim Agreement on Offensive ArmsInterim Agreement on Offensive ArmsInterim Agreement on Offensive Arms Anti-Ballistic Missile TreatyAnti-Ballistic Missile TreatyAnti-Ballistic Missile TreatyAnti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

25. 2. Triangular Diplomacy US USSR PRC

26. Kissinger to China, July 1971

27. Nixon-Mao Summit in China, February 1972 Shanghai Communique Shanghai Communique

28. China and Taiwan

29. Detente Successes Management of arms raceManagement of arms race Management of US-Soviet global competitionManagement of US-Soviet global competition Opening to ChinaOpening to China Nixon hailed as a foreign policy geniusNixon hailed as a foreign policy genius Kissinger wins Nobel Peace PrizeKissinger wins Nobel Peace Prize

30. Détente Collapses: Ford and Carter

31. Carter Human Rights FocusHuman Rights But… IranIran South KoreaSouth Korea ChinaChina

32. SALT II SALT II

33. Carter Advisors Sec State Cyrus Vance NS Adv. Zbigniew Brzezinski

34. Iranian Revolution Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlevi Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

35. November 4, 1979

36. December 1979

37. “Arc of Crisis”

38. Détente Ends Carter Gets ToughCarter Gets Tough SALT II DiesSALT II Dies Defense BuildupDefense Buildup Carter DoctrineCarter DoctrineCarter DoctrineCarter Doctrine Rescue MissionRescue MissionRescue MissionRescue Mission –Vance resigns

39. Rescue Mission April 1980