1. Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator D. Valuch, A. Mikkelsen, G. Ravida, O. Brunner

2. LHC RF power system Total 16 klystrons Thales TH2167 400.8 MHz, 330 kW, at nominal 58 kV, 9.2 A One klystron per cavity Four klystrons supplied by one HV supply Crowbar to protect klystrons in case of arcing CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 2

3. LHC RF power system CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 3

4. Klystron modulator Modulator contains filament transformer and modulation anode control Cathode and modulation anode voltage measured using dividers Currents measured using external DCCTs CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 4

5. Present measurement system Fast interlocks on voltage/currents Observation/logging 1 sample per second during rapid changes 1 sample per 15 minutes during slow changes Post-mortem analysis difficult due to granularity CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 5 Example of a klystron cable fault

6. New measurement system in the HV modulator Measurement system integrated in the modulator oil tank Voltages and currents measured directly at the klystron cathode Communication over optical fibre VME receiver card for readout, logging and post-mortem analysis Currents measured with DCCTs Voltages measured with present resistor dividers CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 6

7. Improvements over present system ChannelRangeResolution Cathode voltage0 – 100 kV25 V Modulation anode voltage 0 – 100 kV25 V Cathode current0 – 15 A10 mA Heater voltage± 50 V25 mV Heater voltage RMS 0 – 50 V RMS 25 mV Heater current± 50 A30 mA Heater current RMS 0 – 50 A RMS 30 mA >1 ksps sample rate 12 bit resolution Measurements are done at the source, better accuracy Over 100 second long post mortem buffer at full sample rate for all channels CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 7

8. CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 8 Digital VME receiver board (for 4 klystrons) Measurement board (floating at - 57 kV, submerged in oil)

9. High voltage testing The recipy: 1) Take some sensitive electronics such as CPLD, ADC, current transducers 2) Put it into a harsh high voltage environment with high fields in a normal operation 3) Or 6000 A, 10 kA/  s, 50 kV/  s in case of faults What could possibly go wrong… CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 9

10. Observed problems Current transducer develops a large analogue offset after crowbar. The offset dies-out after several hours Complete current transducer failure after tens of crowbars ADC upset after every few crowbars Crystal oscillator upset after every few tens of crowbars But… Not a single problem observed with the CPLD, DC/DCs, optical links! CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 10

11. High voltage testing High voltage compatibility testing at HV test stand Decoupling capacitor and solid state crowbar Motorized spark gap used to simulate klystron arcing CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 11

12. Test set-up CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 12

13. Current transducer protection Fault currents in case of klystron arc magnetized the current transducers Different transducers evaluated, all susceptible Transducer dies completely after multiple faults/crowbars Protection diodes eliminated problem CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 13

14. Induced currents in board traces Upset of the ADC was observed after spark gap firing Current transducer power trace found to be sensitive to induced noise from spark current Breaking the loop eliminated the problem CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 14

15. Crystal oscillator upset Board outputs serial data at ~20 times normal rate after arc Noise coupled through DC/DC converter. Grounding of board power input eliminated problem Use of a different crystal oscillator model (without PLL, operating at fundamental frequency) CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 15

16. Measurement results with LHC klystron CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 16 Plot shows filament voltage and current waveform Time resolution allows individual 50 Hz mains cycles to be resolved Buffer length over 100 seconds at 1ms/point resulotion

17. Measurement results with LHC klystron 17 Plot shows filament current waveform after crowbar Crowbar fires Cathode current flowing through the filament diminishes

18. Test stand power converter ripple Test stand power converter known to have large amount of ripple FFT of cathode voltage shows 700 V RMS of 50 Hz ripple Measurement system gives useful information on power converter condition CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 18

19. Project status Tests with real klystron show very promising results System survived >160 crowbars without any upset or degradation of performance System installed in spare LHC modulator for long-term testing in 112 klystron test stand System is planned to be installed in one LHC modulator during Long Shutdown 1 CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 19

20. Summary A new, state of the art digital measurement system for the klystron HV modulator was developped We have demonstrated that a sophisticated electronics could be successfully integrated into a harsh HV environment Increase of measurement precision, time resolution, measurement capabilities Early fault diagnostics with observation buffers (tube aging, connectors, HV supply health monitoring) Extensive post mortem data buffers for fault diagnostics in the LHC machine CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 20

21. References CERN-THESIS-2014-033 https://cds.cern.ch/record/1700591https://cds.cern.ch/record/1700591 Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator. Author Mikkelsen, Anders (Department of Electronics Bergen University College) CWRF2014, Trieste, May 2014 D. Valuch et al.: Digital measurement system for the LHC klystron high voltage modulator 21