1. 10-1 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Chapter 10 Substantive Tests of Transactions and Balances

2. 10-2 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Relationship Between Evidence Gathering Procedures Auditor has to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence to support the audit opinion. Tests of controls (chapter 9) and substantive tests of transactions and balances are the main evidence- gathering procedures. Auditor selects most efficient and effective combination of audit procedures that allows them to achieve audit objective. Assertions are used to help them in their risk assessment of material misstatement, and to direct their audit procedures to the assessment of these risks. Learning Objective 1:

3. 10-3 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Relationship Between Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Most controls are built around transaction flows. Tests of controls: transactions selected to test whether related controls are working. Does not directly measure monetary error in accounting records. Substantive test of transactions: transactions selected to determine whether monetary errors have occurred.

4. 10-4 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Dual Purpose Tests These are tests of transactions that address both control and substantive matters simultaneously. Very common in practice since both tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions involve inspection of documents. It is efficient to perform tests of control and substantive tests on transactions selected simultaneously, e.g. select document and check evidence of authorisation (test of control) and recompute amount (substantive test of transaction).

5. 10-5 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Relationship Between Substantive Tests of Transactions and Balances Objective of substantive tests is to reduce detection risk. Substantive tests of transactions focus on the individual transactions that make up the balance. Substantive tests of balances substantiate the ending balance of an account (which is comprised of multiple transactions).

6. 10-6 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Distinguishing Between Substantive Tests of Transactions and Substantive Tests of Balances The $5000 balance for Able could be verified by confirming this balance with customer (test of balances) or verifying to supporting documentation the three transactions comprising this balance (tests of transactions).

7. 10-7 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Financial Report Assertions and Substantive Audit Procedures The auditor develops specific audit procedures to evaluate and address the risk of material misstatement for both classes of transactions and events, and account balances. The risk associated with each assertion is assessed, and substantive audit procedures are directed at specific assertions based on this assessment. Learning Objective 2:

8. 10-8 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions about Transactions and Events (Income Statement Accounts) Occurrence: in testing whether transactions that generated financial report accounts actually occurred. Completeness: the auditor identifies evidence indicating items that should be included in the class of transactions and investigates whether they are, in fact, included. Accuracy: relates to determining the appropriate recording of the dollar value and other information of transactions. Cutoff: involves checking that transactions are recorded in the correct period. Classification: in designing substantive tests for the assertion of classification, the auditor considers the appropriate classification of the item in the financial report.

9. 10-9 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions about Account Balances at Period End (Balance Sheet Accounts) Existence: the auditor selects from items contained in the accounting records and obtains evidence that supports them. Rights and obligations: the auditor must ascertain that the assets are owned/controlled by the client and that the liabilities are those of the client. Completeness: the auditor identifies evidence indicating items that should be included in the account balance and investigates whether they are in fact included. Valuation and allocation: the auditor considers the appropriateness of the basis of valuation of the asset or liability and the basis of any allocation of this valuation across accounting periods.

10. 10-10 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Existence/Occurrence and Completeness Assertions Note that the direction of testing determines whether existence/occurrence or completeness assertion is tested.

11. 10-11 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Cash, Cash Receipts and Cash Payments: Assertions of Interest CashCash receipts/payments Existence; Completeness; and possibly Valuation and allocation (if foreign currency balances). Occurrence Completeness; and possibly Accuracy (if foreign currency transactions). These are primarily: -since these are areas where misstatements are most likely to occur. Learning Objective 3:

12. 10-12 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Approach in Auditing Cash Balances Determined by assessing level of control risk in bank and cash handling procedures. Much of this information will come from evaluations and tests of controls in the sales and cash receipts system, and the purchases and cash payments system.

13. 10-13 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Cash Receipts and Payments

14. 10-14 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Cash Table 10.1 Assertions about account balances (cash)

15. 10-15 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Cash – Key Procedures These are: – Obtaining confirmation of bank balances from client’s bankers. – Testing of client’s bank reconciliation.

16. 10-16 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Sales, Cash Receipts and Accounts Receivable Assertions of interest - as these are areas in which misstatements are most likely to occur Sales/cash receiptsAccounts receivable Occurrence Accuracy Existence Valuation and allocation Learning Objective 4:

17. 10-17 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Accounts Receivable: Key Audit Procedures Confirmation Subsequent receipts review Cutoff Analytical procedures Tests of sales transactions Review of aged trial balance

18. 10-18 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Sales

19. 10-19 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assetions, Objectives and Procedures for Accounts Receivable Table 10.2 Assertions, objectives and substantive procedures for accounts receivable (p. 465)

20. 10-20 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Accounts Receivable Confirmation and other Procedures Auditor may obtain confirmation from debtors using: – Positive form – once debtor has been selected, auditor must obtain evidence and asks client to respond, whether or not they agree with information as to amount owed in request. – Negative form – requests client to respond when they disagree with amount shown. – Auditor should also consider other procedures such as examining evidence of subsequent cash receipts, and examining sales and shipping documents.

21. 10-21 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Format of Positive Accounts Receivable Confirmation Requests

22. 10-22 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Confirmation Procedure Versus Subsequent Cash Receipts Testing Subsequent cash receipts testing is commonly viewed as a superior form of evidence to confirmation procedures because it achieves both key assertions. ConfirmationSubsequent cash receipts testing Existence YES Valuation and NO allocation Existence YES Valuation and YES allocation Confirmation still requires tests of likelihood of payment (doubtful debts provision), which is part of valuation and allocation.

23. 10-23 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Purchases and Inventory Inventory consists of goods to be sold or used in the production of saleable goods. Major transactions involving inventory: increase to inventory when goods purchased and decrease to inventory when goods sold. Learning Objective 5:

24. 10-24 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Risk Assessment of Inventory Inventory is generally considered high risk because: – it is significant to determination of income; – it involves a high volume of activity; – it involves accounting complexities; – it is susceptible to manipulation.

25. 10-25 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Inventory: Assertions of Interest Two key assertions of inventory are generally: – existence – valuation and allocation.

26. 10-26 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Inventory: Key Procedures Observation of physical inventories; Analytical procedures; Cutoff; Tests of pricing and summarisation.

27. 10-27 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Purchases

28. 10-28 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Inventory Table 10.3 Assertions, objectives and substantive procedures for inventory (p. 473)

29. 10-29 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Inventory — Observation of Physical Inventory: Stocktake Where inventory is considered material, auditor should attend a physical inventory count (stocktake), unless impractical. When attending stocktake, auditor uses a combination of observation, inquiry and making test counts. If inventory is outside auditor’s area of expertise, he/she should consider utilising services of expert.

30. 10-30 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Inventory: Tests of Pricing and Summarisation of Count Procedures A combination of vouching, tracing and recomputation. In performing these procedures auditor’s main concerns are: – identifying obsolete, excess and slow-moving items; – that inventory is counted correctly and that the results of inventory count are updated correctly; – that prices for goods are applied appropriately; – that inventory is appropriately valued at the lower of the cost and net realisable value;

31. 10-31 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Accounts Payable and Payments A primary assertion of concern is completeness, as the most likely form of misstatement is understatement. Confirmation is a common audit procedure that addresses this assertion. A search for unrecorded liabilities and analytical procedures performed on related expense account balances are also common procedures for completeness. Learning Objective 6:

32. 10-32 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Purchases

33. 10-33 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Accounts Payable

34. 10-34 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Non-Current Assets The balances of non-current asset accounts are usually affected by a few relatively large transactions each year. For this reason, it is usually efficient for auditors to verify account balances by performing tests on individual transactions. Learning Objective 7:

35. 10-35 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Property, Plant and Equipment Assertions of interest are generally: – existence – rights and obligations – valuation and allocation.

36. 10-36 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Property, Plant and Equipment: Key Procedures Substantiating additions and identifying retirements; Considering any revaluations; Analytically testing and recomputing related expense accounts such as depreciation.

37. 10-37 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Property, Plant and Equipment

38. 10-38 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Investments and Intangible Assets Assertions generally of interest are: – Rights and obligations – Existence – Valuation and allocation.

39. 10-39 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures for Investments

40. 10-40 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Intangibles – Use of Experts Assertions in relation to existence, valuation and allocation for intangible assets are particularly subjective given the nature of intangible assets. Auditor may consider the use of experts where issues are outside of auditor’s own expertise.

41. 10-41 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Investments and Intangibles: Key Procedures Physical examination Confirmation Inspection of legal documents Recomputation, vouching, tracing Specialised valuation procedures.

42. 10-42 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Non-Current Liabilities and Owners’ Equity: Key Procedures Key assertion: – completeness Key procedures: – confirmations – reading minutes of meetings – examination of contracts and agreements – inspection of share registers. Learning Objective 8:

43. 10-43 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Assertions, Objectives and Procedures: Non-Current Liabilities

44. 10-44 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Income Statement Accounts: Assertions of Interest In a double-entry accounting system, testing one side of a transactions automatically tests the other side. A procedure that achieves an audit objective for one side of a transaction should achieve a comparable audit objective for the other side. For example, if the auditor verifies the existence of an accounts receivable balance, this will verify the occurrence of the related sales transactions. For this reason the extent of substantive tests of transactions is negatively related to the amount of substantive testing of balances that is undertaken. Learning Objective 9:

45. 10-45 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Audit Procedures for Income Statement Accounts Substantiation indirectly by simultaneous tests of accounts, e.g. sales  accounts receivable; Substantiation directly in conjunction with balance sheet accounts, e.g. plant & equipment  depreciation Substantiation directly by analytical procedures, e.g. relationships following a predictable pattern such as sales  sales commission Substantiation directly by separate tests of individually significant transactions, events or account balances, e.g. discontinued operations

46. 10-46 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Auditing by computer: Testing clients’ files The major way the auditor uses the computer for substantive tests involves using audit software to read clients’ master files and/or transactions files. Major advantages: – Directs auditor’s attention to items of risk and/or materiality; – Undertakes routine audit tasks efficiently. Learning Objective 10:

47. 10-47 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Functions of Audit Software This software can interrogate clients’ files in order to: – select sample items; – identify records meeting specified criteria (exception reporting); – test and make calculations; – compare data in separate fields or on separate files; – summarise data; – write reports.

48. 10-48 Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Revised PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 3e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett Slides prepared by Roger Simnett Auditing by Computer: Four Major Techniques Generalised audit software – audit interrogation software used with many clients; Specialised audit software – audit interrogation software especially written for client, task or industry; Utility programs – software or hardware designed to accomplish common routine tasks, e.g. sort, merge; Systems management programs – enhanced productivity tools (e.g. data retrieval software) typically part of sophisticated operating systems environments.