1. Indian Wars
Chapter 20

2. Essential Question:
How did the Civil War and Reconstruction affect relationships between American Indians and settlers in Texas?

3. Settlements Under Attack
-many settlements were left unguarded because men left to fight in the Civil War
-Indians tried to stop westward expansion
-after war was over, federal troops tried to protect frontier and several peace treaties failed
-as settlers continued to move west, attacks continued
-as attacks continued, frontier line began moving back
east (instead of west)
-Quakers were appointed to act as agents (believed in non-violence) and tried to help Indians to make a living by farming but Indians still went hungry due to poor soil for farming and lack of supplies

6. Chapter 20 Section 2
Essential Question: How did life change for the Plains Indians on reservations? :

7. Reservation Life -Indians began to attack settlements
-1871, Gen. Sherman was sent to investigate Texans’ complaints
-Sherman had Indian leaders arrested and sentenced to death-Lawrie Tatum, a Quaker Indian agent, feared this would cause problems
-Indian leaders then sentenced to life, and released on parole

8. U.S. Response to Indian Attacks
-U.S. war dept. planned attacks on Indians who refused to stay on reservations
-Col. Ranald Mackenzie led a campaign against Comanche group led by Quanah Parker
-Parker tried to rescue Comanche prisoners but was unsuccessful
-many Comanche abandoned life on the plains and moved back onto Indian reservations

9. Other Threats to Indian Way of Life
- As railroad companies built lines across the Great Plains, hunters killed 100s of buffalos to feed RR crews
-railroads made it easier
to ship buffalo hides
across country which led
to the beginning of the
buffalo hide industry in 1871

10. CHAPTER 20 SECTION 3 AND 4 Essential Question:
How did the buffalo hunters affect the Indians?

11. INDIAN’S RESPONSE -Quanah Parker and other Indian leaders led a war
to drive out buffalo hunters
in 1874
-Indians began a widespread
attack in surrounding states
as well.

12. U.S. vs. Native Americans
-army began a major offensive known as the Red River War
-3000 troops and Texas Rangers fought against Indians
- Indians had no choice but to move back onto reservations

13. Fighting in other areas
-Apache began attacking Texas from Mexico
-U.S. Army ordered more troops to the Rio Grande
-many African American troops called Buffalo Soldiers
-raids did not stop till Mexican army began to help

14. Effect on Native Americans
-Indians had to give up traditional way of life…buffalo hunting
-forced to learn how to farm
-had poor land, no farming experience, few supplies which caused them to face starvation
-federal government banned religious Indian practices
-many held their ceremonies in secret
-many Indians continued to speak their language as well as English
-Indians worked to preserve their customs, myths, and styles of dress despite the government’s efforts to eliminate them
-by the 1880s the Indian population had been greatly reduced
-many had been killed or moved out of state
-this opened land for farming and ranching for settlers
-settlers quickly moved onto lands Indians called home for 100s of years