1. Dr. Annette M. Lane Dr. Sandra P. Hirst Linda Shorting, RN, MA

2.  Older adults residing in nursing homes are a vulnerable population – often the frailest and most cognitively impaired  Older adults in nursing homes particularly vulnerable in disasters (e.g. over 100 older adults in NHs in Louisiana died following Katrina) (Hyer et al., 2010)

3.  There is a small, but growing research base examining disaster management  Question: What do we know about disaster preparedness and emergency management within nursing homes?

4.  Searched CINAHL, MedLine and Social Work Abstracts data bases (1995 present)  Search terms: - “nursing homes” and “disaster preparedness” - “nursing homes” and “emergency management”

5.  Limited number of research studies and articles related to disaster preparedness/emergency management in nursing homes  Located 31 articles/research studies pertaining to this topic

6.  Secured 10 research studies regarding disaster preparedness and nursing homes  Studies largely retrospective and focused upon disaster preparedness of nursing homes for Gulf Coast hurricanes (e.g. Katrina, Rita and Gustav) ( Blanchard & Dosa, 2009; Castro, Persson, Bergstrom & Cron, 2008; Covan & Fugate-Whitlock, 2010; Hyer et al., 2010; Laditka et al., 2009; Laditka et al., 2007; O’Brien, Selod & Lamb, 2009; Thomas et al., 2010)

7.  1 study examined disaster preparedness related to bioterrorism (Helget & Smith, 2002)  1 study examined the role of function of nursing homes post disaster (Saliba, Buchanan & Kington, 2004)

8.  Are nursing homes prepared for large scale disasters? (e.g. a pandemic such as the Avian flu)  What comprises a comprehensive disaster plan for nursing homes?  Why are nursing homes not included in local disaster management plans for some cities/areas?

9.  Decisions to evacuate – who should make these decisions and who should be evacuated first? (frailest or healthiest)?  How can comprehensive disaster plans be converted into effective actions in the event of a disaster (ie. a plan can be in place, but significant issues can remain in enacting the plan – (Blanchard & Dosa, 2009).

10.  Many nursing homes are not prepared for disasters.  Even if nursing homes reported being satisfied with how they handled a disaster (e.g. hurricane), other issues emerged: - challenges with evacuation - transportation - staffing - supplies (Blanchard & Dosa, 2009; Laditka et al., 2009)

11.  Importance of nursing homes communicating with local and national disaster management agencies (Hyer et al., 2010).  Problems associated with receiving evacuees from other nursing homes

12.  Little research in how nursing homes prepare for disasters that are non hurricane/earthquake related (e.g. pandemics, bioterrorism, nuclear power plants)  Few studies located that examined disaster preparedness in other locations that in the southern USA

13.  No studies found that deem influenza /GI outbreaks as disasters – what constitutes a disaster? Are numbers (the degree of impact) necessary to define a disaster?

14.  Much more research needs to be conducted on disaster preparedness in nursing homes  More research on the impact of disasters upon residents/nursing home staff, as well as comparative studies of disasters ( e.g. Blanchard & Dosa compared disaster responses of 16 nursing homes who experienced Katrina (2005) and then Gustav (2008) )

15.  Need research on outcomes comparing evacuation versus “shelter in place” (evacuation can lead to increased morbidity and mortality)  Philosophical considerations: What constitutes a disaster (what about increased deaths from influenza)?

16.  National policies that mandate disaster plans to be in place in all nursing homes  Plans need to include varied categories of disaster, especially those that are common to the region

17.  Policies need to include phone numbers of emergency agencies  Policies within nursing homes should stipulate regular review of plans, regular “drills” and consistent checks of emergency supplies

18.  Importance of policies/procedures to include mental health care follow up for staff and residents in nursing homes