1. Chapter 2 – Water, Biochemistry, and Cells

2. Ch. 1 Review
One hypothesis states that eating chicken noodle soup is an effective treatment for colds. Which of the following results does this hypothesis predict? a. people who eat chicken noodle soup have shorter colds than do people who do not eat chicken noodle soup b. people who do not eat chicken noodle soup experience unusually long and severe colds c. cold viruses cannot live in chicken noodle soup d. people who eat chicken noodle soup feel healthier than do people who do not eat chicken noodle soup

3. Ch 1. Review
There is a strong correlation between obesity and the occurrence of a disease known as type 2 diabetes-that is, obese individuals have a higher instance of diabetes than nonobese individuals do. Does this mean that obesity causes diabetes? Explain.

4. Chemistry in Biology

5. Properties of Living Organisms
Maintain Homeostasis (constant internal environment with a changing external environment):
Growth
Movement
Reproduction
Response to external stimuli
Metabolism
Breakdown of chemicals to produce energy
Synthesis of chemicals
Excretion of wastes

6. Water: Essential to Life
Components of Water
2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom
Polar: positive hydrogen side and negative oxygen side
Allows to dissolve substances like salt
Properties of Water
Facilitates chemical reactions
Cohesive
Moderates temperature

7. Atomic Structure & Chemical Bonding
Atoms have protons (+) & neutrons (o) in their nucleus
Electrons (-) have are located outside the nucleus and travel in orbitals
Atoms have valence electrons on their outer orbital

8. Types of Bonds Covalent: atoms share electrons
Ionic: attraction of charged atoms by similar, opposite charges
Hydrogen: weak bond that forms when a partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to a partially negative atom

9. Carbon in Living Organisms
Organic Chemistry: branch of chemistry that is concerned with complex carbon-containing molecules
Carbon has the ability to create bonds with up to four other elements

10. Macromolecules Protein Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids

11. Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
Chemical composition – carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen with a 1:2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides (sugar) are the monomer, disaccharides have 2 monosaccharides, & polysaccharides have more than 1
Function:
Source of energy (ATP energy is produced)
Structure – cell wall in plants & exoskeleton in insects

13. Structure and Function of Protein
Contain an amino group (NH2+) and carboxyl group (COO-)
Monomer is an amino acid
Function:
Structure in cytoskeleton in animal cells
Movement in muscle cells
Regulate chemical reactions via enzymes

15. Structure and Function of Lipids
Contain a glycerol and fatty acid tail (hydrocarbons made out of a chain of hydrogen and carbon)
Function:
Fats store energy within living organisms
Steroids chemical signaling and aid in membrane fluidity
Phospholipids are the basic component of the cell membrane

16. Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
Monomer are nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate, and base
Types of bases include uracil (RNA only), adenine, thymine (DNA only), cytosine, & guanine
Types of sugars include deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA
Function:
RNA synthesizes proteins
DNA stores genetic information

18. Cell Structure & Function

19. Structure and Function of the Cell Membrane
Made out of a phospholipid bilayer
Contains proteins that aid in transport, structure, and communication
Fluid Mosaic:
Function: Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Semi-permeable: some substances cross and prevent others from crossing

21. Cell Organelle Functions
Protein Production
Nucleus: contains genetic information on how to make a protein
Ribosome: makes the protein
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: location of ribosomes
Transport
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: packs proteins in a vesicle
Golgi Apparatus: sorts, modifies, packs, and ships proteins
Lysosome: breaks down wastes or defective proteins for recycling or elimination out of the cell
Cell Membrane: regulates what goes in and out of the cell

23. Cell Organelle Functions
Energy Production
Mitochondria: creates ATP energy from glucose
Chloroplast: converts sun energy into glucose (chemical energy)

24. Properties of Prokaryotic Cell
No membrane-bound organelles
No nuclei
Unicellular organisms
Contain ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, & cytoplasm
Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

25. Properties of Eukaryotic Cells
Contain nuclei
Membrane-bound organelles
Contain cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, & Lysosome