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The Rise of Islam CE
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Middle East, ca. 600 A.D.
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Pre Islamic Arabia Caravan Culture Tribal organization
Pilgrimage to Mecca Violent, warrior states based on vendetta culture ghazu (raids) on caravans Patriarchal: women veiled & segregated, no property, female infanticide, child marriage
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Cultural influences on Islam
Persia Administration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Greek medicine Rome and Byzantium Architecture
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Islamic Art and Architecture
Found all over the world Influenced from other classical traditions Expression of divine presence Both secular and religious Major practices: Metalwork Pottery Painting Calligraphy rugs
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Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad
Beginning of His Ministry Muhammad in Mecca The Hijra Umma: community of believers 1
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The Quran Record of revelations received during visions
Committed to writing c. 650 CE, compiled (Muhammad dies 632) Under the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
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Five Pillars Confession of faith Prayer 5 times a day
Charity to the needy Fasting during the month-long Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s lifetime
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The Ka’aba in Mecca
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Early Problems Succession
Mohammed had no surviving male children generated a permanent split in the Islamic community Sunnis Shi’as
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Who will be Mohammed’s successor? The Caliph debate
Abu Bakr Muhammad's father-in law and close friend Ali Mohammed’s cousin and son-in-law Supported by Shi’a Muslims Supported by Sunni Muslims The “schism” or divide happened during the First Islamic Civil War 656–661 CE
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Abu Bakr not particularly popular with the Muslim community
Ruled allowed raid, then invasions of Byzantine and Persian territory subjugated any dissident elements or tribes disposed of any “new prophets”
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Ali Was cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Ruled 656-661
Assassinated 661 Umayyad leader Mu’awiya declates self caliph
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Sunnis vs. Shia considered themselves the “orthodox” followers of Mohammed “Sunni” : from an Arabic word “usage” or “custom” implies: “precedent” consider the Shi’as to be “dissenters” went successively to followers -Abu Bakr, then Oman, then Uthman Sunni: conservative, in favor of the “status quo” consensus is the guiding principle Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Served as caliph CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” accepted Ali Shi’as: defenders of the oppressed, critics of privilege and power obedience is required only as long as it can be forced, and no longer
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Umayyeds successful in the war Ali assassinated in 661 A.D.
by the Kharijites beginning of the Umayyed dynasty Atlantic Ocean to India Syria: center of the Islamic World eventually displaced by the Abbasids an Arab family claiming decent from Mohammed
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Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem
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The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus
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Success = strain success introduced luxury and change
From original caliphs to the Umayyad caliphs new ideas and new ethnic groups with their own customs and heritage, to try to assimilate rise of a sort of “revivalist element” Islam had strayed from its original path and purity Muslims were being led back to paganism caliphs were becoming idle, corrupt, tyrants Photo on right: Ummayad Mosque in Damascus
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Policy toward Conquered Peoples
Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority
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The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)
Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them Only Spain remains Umayyad North Africa is disputed territory, ultimately Fatamid Mosque of Abu Abbas al-Mursi in Alexandria
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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces
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Victories Syria: 635 A.D. Palestine: 636 A.D.
Persia: captured in one battle expansion into India expansion to the borders of China Egypt: help by local Christians North Africa: the Berbers Spain A.D. Battle of Tours: October 732 A.D. Charles Martel Siege of Constantinople: A.D. Leo III Greek fire beginnings of Christian re-conquest of former Roman/Christian territory
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Greak Mosque, Cordova
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Illuminated page from Koran, Baghdad – 14th century
Calligraphy Vegetal patterns Geometric interlace
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Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne Crusades
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Seljuk Dyanstic Period
Mosaic Mihrab from Persia, 1354 Glased and tiled ceramic
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Imperial Breakdown Problems with rural population
Declining position of women Nomadic Incursion Impact of Christian Crusades
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Reasons for Islam’s success
exhaustion of Rome and Persia End of a 400 year war nationalist sentiments in Egypt and Syria arguments among Christian factions speed and size of Muslim armies simplicity and uncomplicated nature of Islam acceptance of the Old and New Testament People of the Book
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Consequences of Islamic Expansion
loss of the oldest and most central lands of Christendom aided the ascendancy of the bishop of Rome virtual collapse of Zoroastrianism as a major religion radically altered the balance of power between the Roman Empire and the East disruption of the Mediterranean economic community
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Islamic Civilization Law and Dogma
Shari’a: Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity This is the basis the idea of an “Islamic republic” for instance Converts and Cities Persian Literature Scientific Achievements A depiction of a Medieval Islamic astronomer. Thought by some to represent Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi.
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Islam, Women, and Slaves Qu’ran improves status of women
Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Rights under Islamic law Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice Slavery
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Re-centering of Islam No religious center Madrasses Sufi brotherhoods
Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity
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Nomadic Invasion Mongols Mameluk halt
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Islam in India Challenge to Hinduism
Political Divisions and first wave of Muslim invasions Indian Influences on Islam Second wave of Muslim invasions
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Delhi Sultanate ( ) 1211 Muslim general who conquers India declares self separate Sultanate 1236 control almost entire subcontinent Power based on military organization Public works and social welfare secondary Ushered in a period of cultural renaissance.
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Islam in India Patterns of Conversion Patterns of Accommodation
Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival End of the Sultanate Mira Bai, one of the Hindu song writers of the bhaktic movement
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Spread of Islam to SE Asia
Trading Contacts and Conversion Sufi Mystics and the Nature of SE Asian Islam
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