1. www.fao.org/ag/ags Innovations to insure agricultural catastrophic risks Dr. Emilio Hernandez Agricultural Finance Officer, AGS Islamabad, 28-29 April 2015 SBP-FAO Conference on Innovative Agricultural Financing

2. 1.The catastrophic and non-catastrophic agricultural risk layers to insure 2.Lessons from policies fostering smallholder insurance covering these types of risks 3.Visions forward for agricultural insurance in developing countries 4.Conclusions Content

3. Insuring catastrophic and non-catastrophic risks Source: Adapted from Carter et al. 2014 Self-coping risk layer Commercial risk layer Catastrophic risk layer

4. Segmenting insurance product by risk layers Source: Adapted from Carter et al. 2014

5. Some recent lessons on agricultural insurance  Catastrophic insurance has been the hardest to promote given that the systemic nature of events and higher expected loss result in market concentration. And the scarce data results in very high pricing relative to non-catastrophic insurance. This has called for government intervention.  Conventional insurance with indemnity payments against verification of losses does not work for smallholder farmers due to prohibitive costs  Experience accumulated with index insurance shows on low adoption rates among clients and distribution models that depend on subsidies  Basis risk as one of the main challenges of index insurance in the developing world. There is lot of innovation on this front with new ways of using technology for product design (e.g. remote sensing) and distributing index-insurance (e.g. through aggregators that insure portfolios). But results are to be seen.  The demand for ag insurance increases with the client’s ability to manage non-insurable risks Clients face many risks that are non-insurable related to production and commercial risks in agro-ventures. Other financial tools are better to manage and cope with those risks (credit, savings, transfers) in addition to enhanced production technology.

6. CADENA is a social safety net programme specific to support poor smallholder farmers in case of a catastrophic event. For this, the State Governments buy catastrophic agricultural insurance from insurance companies to cover vulnerable areas. This created a market for catastrophic insurance that did not exits and sparked the development of insurance products unique for each region in Mexico. Example – Policy innovations to deal with catastrophic risk Mexico – The case of CADENA Federal Government State Government Private insurance companies Public insurance company Eligible farmers in insured areas 80-90% of premium 10-20% of premium Indemnity for area insured Cash transfers in case of event Source: FAO, 2014

7. Key innovations sparked by the policy  The budget for the program became predictable and fiscally manageable as premiums are fixed ex-ante.  Created a national market for catastrophic agricultural insurance products (index and multi-peril), inclusive of high-risk and marginalized States, that did not exist before the program and that is uncommon globally given the challenge of insuring systemic risks.  Public and private insurance companies compete for that market and have the incentive to invest in the development of insurance products tailored to the risk-vulnerability ratio of each Mexican State. This has enabled the expansion of area covered per Peso spent, relative to an ex-post approach  The delivery of index insurance products are meant to insure a portfolio, not an individual farmer. The prevalence of basis risk in index insurance products is spread in a wide area and it is bore by the State so it is easier to tolerate

8. CADENA results CADENA has facilitated a wide expansion of agricultural insurance covering 12 mo Ha in 2013 representing 65% of total area under production and covers 98% of the country’s municipalities. This represents a safety net for 3.7 mo smallholders, equivalent to 82% of the estimated smallholder population. Source: FAO, 2014 Source: Data from SAGARPA Private and public share of the catastrophic insurance market Coverage of CADENA at the municipality level

9. Key limitations of model used  Cost-efficiency depends greatly on State Governments building specialized units to determine most appropriate coverage needs, but large federal subsidies are a disincentive to do this. Relying only on coverage advice from insurance companies has not resulted in appropriate coverage for some States, resulting in additional public expenditures  Availability and sustainability of public resources to fund the programme (currently a premium market of over USD 190 mo a year)  Pre-existing capacity of public agencies to collect and analyze relevant climatic and production time series data needs to exist in order to facilitate the development of new insurance products in the short term

10. Conclusions Public policy is showing a key role in generating innovation in key aspects to expand agricultural insurance in the developing world:  Reducing basis risk  Designing products that respond to the different risk layers  Fostering risk management tools that deal with non-insurable risks  Apply portfolio approach to insure clients working in agriculture to mitigate basis risk and reduce costs  Creating standards to be able to compare products (levels of basis risk and types of risks covered)  Investments in data and client knowledge.

11. Thank you for your attention! www.fao.org/ag/ags www.ruralfinanceandinvestment.org