1. How are sentences are constructed?

2. The boys laughed. MorphemesWords Thethe Boyboys -s laughlaughed -ed

3. Sentence: The boys laughed *Boys laughed the *Laughed the boys *Boys the laughed *Laughed the boys *Laughed boys the

4. Out of these six possible orders of word only one is grammatical Grammaticality has to do with SYNTAX of the language. Syntax is the study of how words are combined into phrases and phrases into sentences.

5. Sentences are organized in terms of syntactic categories of words (parts of speech)—noun, verb, adjective, preposition, adverb, determiner Syntactic categories: Nounchair, book, dog, movement Verbjump, move, book Adjectivemovable, large, bookish Adverbquickly, fast, slowly Prepositionin, on, at, from Determinera/an, the

6. A simple sentence The chair moves Add adjectives and adverbs: The large chair moves fast Add prepositions: The large chair moves fast in the room

7. How do we identify the syntactic category of a word? Morphological criteria: inflectional morphemes/derivational morphemes Syntactic (distribution) criteria:

8. What are phrase-structure rules? PS rules show the order of constituents in phrases and sentences S  NP VP NPVP John cried The catate the rat My sister wrote a long letter to her friend from Germany The nerd with stud earringsspilled the potion

9. Expanding NP: John JusticeNP  N (NP consists of N) A car That plant Those childrenNP  Det N (NP consists of Det + N)

10. A beautiful girl An ancient pyramid His flat saucer NP  Det A N (NP consists of Det + A +N)

11. The beautiful girl in blue jeans The book on the table A rise in prices The woman behind the curtain NP  Det N PP (NP consists of Det + N +PP)

12. Phrase-Structure Rules: 1. NP  N (NP consists of N) 2. NP  Det N (NP consists of Det + N) 3. NP  Det A N (NP consists of Det + AP +N) 4. NP  Det N PP (NP consists of Det + N +PP) 5. NP  (Det) (A) N (PP)

13. Expanding Prepositional Phrases (PP) PP  P NP From Nepal At his brother With a stick On the table By the judge In New York

14. Expanding Verb Phrases (VP): John cried. The cat ran. The ice melted. The house collapsed VP  V

15. John won a bicycle. The men cleaned the car. She watered the plants. My grandmother baked a delicious cake. VP  V NP

16. John won the bike in June. John left the hall after the lecture. VP  V NP PP

17. John gave Mary some flowers. My friend sent her mother a nice car. The teacher bought her students some pencils. VP  V NP NP

18. John sat on the mat carefully. The children read the story slowly. VP  V PP Adv

19. John sounds very tired. They appeared happy. VP  V A

20. VP  V VP  V NP VP  V NP PP VP  V NP NP VP  V PP Adv VP  V A VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (A)

21. Adjective Phrases: The food tastes delicious The books are expensive. The man is fond of dogs. I am proud of you. AP  A (PP)

22. Adverb Phrases: The smart students can find jobs easily. John watered the plants carefully. They speak Spanish fluently. He came home early. AdvP  Adv

23. Grammatical relations (Heads and complements): Noun is the head of an NP Verb is the head of a VP Adjective is the head of an AP Preposition is the head of a PP

24. Grammatical relations The syntactic roles played by an NP in a sentence. The relationship of an NP with its predicate (VP) Subject Direct object Indirect object Oblique (object of preposition) Subject complement

25. S  NP VP NP: subject immediately dominated by S John disappeared. John washed the car.

26. Complements: required elements in a VP Types of verbs: Transitive verbs: Verbs that take NP (DO) complements The girl left her books in the car. A man stole all my books. The children gave the teacher a nice card. John baked a delicious cake for his daughter. *Jane bought

27. A man stole all my books. What did the man steal? all my books All my books—direct object (DO) *A man stole John baked a delicious cake for his daughter. What did John bake? *John baked

28. The children gave the teacher a nice card What did the children give? A card Who received a nice card? The teacher A card: DO The teacher: Indirect object (one who receives or benefits from the act)

29. Intransitive Verbs: Verbs that do not take any complements. Jane wept. The babies are sleeping soundly. My books vanished suddenly. He smiled *Michael frightened *Jane wept the babies *He smiled the audience.

30. Linking verbs: Verbs that take NP/AP complements in the form of SC John is a good doctor. The men looked exhausted. Mary and Jane remained good friends. The boy seems nice. John = a good doctor (subject complement) The boy = nice (subject complement) Subject complement = NP or AP

31. Seelookbelievefall Findfeelpromisesmile Take seemsaywalk Sendsoundimaginecry Eat

32. 1. John put a picture on the table. 2. John drew a picture on the table. *John put a picture John drew a picture.

33. Modifiers and complements How do we know if a phrase is a modifier or a complement? Complements are required to make sentences grammatical *She fed *The president mentioned *The children devoured She fed the dog. The president mentioned the name of his friend. The children devoured the pizza.

34. Modifiers are optional: She fed the dog (last night). John put the book on the table (before dinner). John sat (on the sofa in the morning with Mary).

35. Complements are implied by the meaning of a verb Eat Give Send

36. The big brown dog chased the cat relentlessly. The brown dog chased the cat. ??The brown dog chased ??The brown dog chased relentlessly The cat—direct object Relentlessly—modifier (adverbial—tells how the dog chased)

37. John found a ball in the park. *John found in the park *John found A ball: direct objectin the park: modifier John put the books in the drawer. *John put in the drawer *John put the books

38. The boys left at night. The men robbed the bank at night. The boys left. The men robbed. The men robbed at night.

39. Complements: Direct objects Indirect objects Subject complements Object complements