1. Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward
Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions
Sectional anatomy provides directional references

2. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks

3. Figure 1.7b

4. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

5. Figure 1.8b, c

6. Figure 1.9 Directional References

7. Planes and Sections are important in visualizing structures
Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior
Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right
Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle

8. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section

9. Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs
Cavities protect vital organs
Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

10. Figure 1.12a Body Cavities
Figure 1.12a, b

11. Thoracic Cavities The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum
Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura
The mediastinum contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart
PLAY
Animation: Heart Dissection

12. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum
The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis
liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

13. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle
reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine
PLAY
Animation: Digestive System Dissection

14. Clinical technology allows many different views of the body
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
Ultrasound images
Spiral CT scans
Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

15. Figure X-rays
Figure 1.13

16. Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques

17. Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods
Figure 1.15c

18. You should now be familiar with:
The characteristics of life.
The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions.
The levels of organization in the human body.
The definition and importance of homeostasis.
The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.

19. Tissues and tissue types
Tissues are:
Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions
Histology = study of tissues
The four tissue types are:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

20. Epithelial tissue Includes glands and epithelium Is avascular
Glands are secretory
Is avascular
Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability
Cells may show polarity

21. Functions of epithelium
Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions

22. Specializations of epithelium
Perform secretory functions
Perform transport functions
Maintain physical integrity
Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface

23. The Polarity of Epithelial Cells

24. Maintaining the integrity of epithelium
Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
Cells attach at specialized cell junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

25. Intercellular connections

26. Structure of typical epithelium
Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface
Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells

27. Classification of epithelia
Number of cell layers
Simple
Stratified
Shape of apical surface cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

28. Squamous Epithelia

29. Cuboidal Epithelia

30. Cuboidal Epithelia

31. Columnar Epithelia

32. Columnar Epithelia

33. Columnar Epithelia

34. Transitional Epithelium

35. Glandular epithelia Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland
Endocrine glands
Release hormones into surrounding fluid

36. Glandular secretions can be:
Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)
Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm)
Holocrine (destroys the cell)

37. Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion

38. Glands Unicellular Multicellular Individual secretory cells
Organs containing glandular epithelium
Classified according to structure

39. A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

40. Connective tissue functions:
Establishing a structural framework
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
Protecting delicate organs
Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues
Storing energy reserves
Defending the body from microorganisms

41. A Classification of Connective Tissues

42. Connective tissues contain
Specialized cells
Matrix
Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance

43. Connective tissue proper
Contains varied cell populations
Contains various fiber types
A syrupy ground substance

44. Fluid connective tissue
Contains a distinctive cell population
Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins
Two types
Blood
Lymph

45. Supporting connective tissues
Less diverse cell population
Dense ground substance
Closely packed fibers
Two types
Cartilage
Bone

46. Connective tissue proper
Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population.
The ground substance is the non-living material in which the cells and protein fibres are found.
Can contain varying amounts of water.
Can be of viscous (blood), semi-solid (cartilage) or solid (bone).
The ground substance and the extracellular proteins form the matrix.

47. Types of cells found in connective tissue:
Macrophage
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Fibroblasts
Melanocytes
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Microphages

48. Connective tissue proper
Three types of fiber
Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

49. Connective tissue proper
Classified as loose or dense
Loose
Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Dense
Dense regular CT
Dense irregular CT

50. The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

51. Connective Tissue in Embryos

52. Adipose and Reticular Tissues

53. Dense Connective Tissues

54. Dense Connective Tissues

55. Dense Connective Tissues

56. Fluid connective tissues
Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
Blood
Formed elements and plasma
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart
Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid
Lymph
Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels

57. Formed Elements of the Blood

58. Supporting connective tissues
Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body
Cartilage
Grows via interstitial and appositional growth
Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate
Cells called chondrocytes
Cells found in lacunae
Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues
Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

59. The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage

60. The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage II

61. The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage III

62. Bone, or osseus tissue Has osteocytes Little ground substance
Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients
Little ground substance
Dense mineralized matrix
Surrounded by periosteum

63. Bone

64. Membranes are simple organs
Form a barrier
Composed of epithelium and connective tissue
Four types
Cutaneous
Synovial
Serous
Mucous

65. Membranes

66. Mucous membranes Line cavities that communicate with the exterior
Contain lamina propria

67. Serous membranes
Line sealed internal cavities
Form transudate

68. Cutaneous membrane Synovial membrane Covers the body surface
Incomplete lining within joint cavities

69. Organs and systems are interconnected
Network of connective tissue proper consisting of
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Subserous fascia

70. The Fasciae

71. Muscle tissue Specialized for contraction Three types Skeletal Cardiac
Smooth

72. Muscle Tissue

73. Muscle Tissue

74. Muscle Tissue

75. Skeletal muscle Cells are multinucleate Striated voluntary muscle
Divides via satellite cells

76. Cardiac muscle Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
Striated involuntary muscle
Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction

77. Smooth muscle tissue Non-striated involuntary muscle
Can divide and regenerate

78. Neural tissue Conducts electrical impulses
Conveys information from one area to another

79. Neural tissue cells Neurons Neuroglia Transmit information
Support neural tissue
Help supply nutrients to neurons

80. Neural Tissue

81. Neural anatomy Cell body Dendrites Axon (nerve fiber)
Carries information to other neurons

82. Inflammation and regeneration
Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion
Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration

83. Inflammatory response
Isolates injured area
Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed
Infection avoided
Regeneration restores normal function

84. An Introduction to Inflammation

85. Aging and tissue repair
Change with age
Repair and maintenance less efficient
Structure altered
Chemical composition altered

86. Aging and cancer incidence
Incidence of cancer increases with age
70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors

87. Changes in a Tissue under Stress