1. Sources of Government Revenue
Chapter 9

2. Goals & Objectives Economic impact of taxes.
3 criteria for effective taxation.
2 primary principles of taxation.
How taxes are classified.
Progressive nature of income taxes.
Sources of federal revenue.
State revenues.
Local revenues.
Paycheck/payroll deductions.
Tax Reforms. VAT & Flat taxes.

3. 2013 Tax Payers

4. The Economics of Taxation
2012: Federal Revenue: 2.4 Trillion
Rate of Government Growth
an % increase in federal revenues
1942 Public Revenue Act?

5. Federal Revenue 2012

6. What is a Trillion?

7. Economic Impact of Taxes & Who really pays the tax?
1. Resource Allocation: Tax on a good or service raises the price or lessens the supply
Luxury Tax (1991)? Vehicles over $35, or more, yachts, private aircraft, etc…. “Soak the rich tax”
Result: Less luxury production results in fewer jobs for workers & higher prices for consumers

8. Health Care Luxury Tax 2014

9. Economic Impact of Taxes
2. Behavior Adjustment: Taxes which encourage or discourage certain types of “behavior”.
1. Sin Tax: Alcohol and Tobacco
2. Mortgage Tax Deductions: Buy a second home “tax loophole”
3. Sugar Tax?
4. Affordable Health Care Act: Smokers, Obese, & young males in good health.

10. Excise Tax & Tanning Booth Behavior Adjustment

11. Economic Impact of Taxes
3. Productivity and Growth: Taxes can encourage people to save more, invest more, work less, or spend less of their money.
A. Capital Gains Taxes:
B. Diminished Incentive: Progressive Taxes
C. Entitlements:

12. Taxes & Productivity

13. Economic Impact of Taxes
4. The Incidence of a Tax: Who really pays taxes?
“The party being taxed is not always the one that bears the burden of taxes?”
A. Property Taxes?
B. Sales Taxes?
C. Corporate Taxes?
D. Utility Taxes, Severance Taxes

14. Who pays Sin Taxes?

15. Criteria for Effective Taxes
1. Equity--- Tax fairness. Who decides fairness? What is fairness?
a. Just, Impartial
b. Tax Loopholes
2. Simplicity--- Individual Income Taxes, Sales Taxes
3. Efficiency –3 Trillion Dollars $$$$$$

16. Tax Loopholes

17. Two Principles of Taxation
1. Benefit Received Principle:
--those who benefit should pay in proportion to the amount they receive
Duties, Imposts, Excises: Article I Section 8 clause 1
Article I, section 9 Clause 4: No direct taxes without apportionment and enumeration regard to census

18. Education level & tax collection

19. Two Principles of Taxation
2. Ability to Pay Principle: “People should pay according to their ability to pay regardless of benefits received”.
Karl Marx: “From each according to his ability to each according to his need” Communism
LBJ: “We will take from the haves and give to it to the have-nots” Socialism

20. Spending vs Taxes Paid

21. 3 Types of Taxes
1. Proportional: Everyone pays the same percentage regardless on income.
Benefits received principle----Flat Taxes: no loopholes, no subsidies, no entitlements

22. 3 Types of Taxes
2. Progressive Taxes: Higher taxes are placed on higher incomes
“The more you make the more they take”
Karl Marx: “the redistribution of wealth”
The more able, smarter, productive you are, the more taxes you must pay….diminished incentive

23. 3 Types of Taxes
3. Regressive Taxes: a higher percentage of taxes on lower incomes…
Sales Taxes on Food, Medicine, “needs”
Property Taxes on homes, cars, trailers, etc..

24. State Regressive Taxation

25. The Federal Tax System
1. Individual Income Taxes: th amendment:
… Business Foreign and Domestic paid 89% of taxes see pie chart
…Top 10% of workers earning over $500,000 a year or more paid income taxes
1935: Public Salary Tax (Social Security)
…Public Revenue Act… 800% tax increase

26. 1942 Public Revenue Act

27. Individual Income Taxes
1. Payroll withholding system: automatic deduction: Federal Income, Social Security, Medicare, State Income, Local Income
IRS—Internal Revenue Tax: Private Business contracted by the Federal Treasury Department to collect income taxes. Why a private company?
Example: US Military Rules vs. Blackwater USA

28. Income or Payroll Tax vs. Stock (Dividend) Tax

29. FICA
1. Medicare: (1965) free health care for the elderly…President Bush’s “free prescription drug benefit”…largest government program in the history of America..
2. Social Security: mandated government retirement…1935

30. Payroll Taxes vs. Article I Section 8 clause 1 (Duties, Customs, Excises)

31. Corporate Income Taxes
Tax a corporation pays on its profits:
15% on income under $50,000
25% on income under $75,000
35% on income over $75,000-$1.8 million

32. 1932 Corporate Taxes

33. Other Federal Taxes
1. Excise Taxes: tax on a business that is handed down in the form of higher prices to the consumers, “Hidden Tax” “Theft Tax”
2. Death Taxes: Estate and Gift Taxes
18-50% of valued assets.Estate sales
Gift Taxes: 40% of valued asset

34. Death Tax by State

35. Other Federal Taxes
3. Customs and Duties: prior to 1913 these were the largest forms of federal tax revenues
Taxes on Foreign Business. Why?
To protect American Business and the Ameican Worker

36. Other Sources of Revenue
User Fees: Ronald Reagan National Parks. Pay only when you use the park
Benefit Received Principle of Taxation
Protection of citizens civil liberties

37. State and Local Tax System
Intergovernmental Revenues: Education & Welfare
State Income Taxes
Sales Taxes, Utility Fees
Local
Intergovernmental Revenues
Local Income
Property Taxes
Sales Taxes, Utility Fees

38. Current Tax Issues
1981 Tax Reform; Ronald Reagan “the new right” which was the old “new left” of the 1960’s
Smaller government and smaller corporations
Opposed to the MIC: Military Industrial Complex
Trickle Down Economics: Cut Taxes to increase GDP

39. Tax Reforms
1986 & 1993:
Millionaires paid no income taxes from
Taxes lowered with an additional surcharge: additional above the base rate
Alternative minimum tax: 20% regardless of exemptions & loopholes in tax code.

40. The Value-Added Tax VAT—European tax, national sales tax, FAIR Tax.
1. Advantages:
Hard to avoid.
2. Disadvantages: Invisible to consumers, would compete with state and local taxes

41. Value Added Tax Steps

42. National Sales Tax: Obama-phones

43. The Flat Tax 1. Advantages: What groups support the flat tax system?
2. Disadvantages:
What interest groups oppose the flat tax system and Why?

44. Flat Tax Closes Loopholes