1. Renaissance and Reformation

2. Renaissance
Renaissance – rebirth of art and learning from classics of Rome and Greece

3. Renaissance 4 reasons the Renaissance happened
Bubonic plague killed serfs
Crusades led to more trade opportunities with the east
Rise of a merchant class
Development of a commercial revolution
Because of these reasons, the Renaissance started in Italy

4. Italian City-States
Venice
Naples
Rome
Florence
Genoa

5. Renaissance Merchants became the power in the Italian city-states
Florence became one of the most powerful city-states and they were ruled by the Medici family

6. Renaissance Florence

7. Cosimo de Medici Lorenzo de Medici
The Medici’s supported the arts which made them patrons

8. Renaissance
Humanism
It is focusing on human potential and achievements
They studied Greek and Latin language manuscripts
They disliked Christian teachings
Their studies of history, literature, and philosophy made the subjects humanities

9. Renaissance
Renaissance men were concerned with the worldly or secular life.
To become a Renaissance man you had to be good in many fields like art, science, athletics, dance, play music and literature.

10. Renaissance Women Should know the classics and study
Do not create art they should inspire it

11. Renaissance
New emphasis on individuals, many painters painted portraits

12. Renaissance
Donatello revived the classical form by sculpting David

13. Renaissance Raphael’s School of Athens
Perspective which gives a painting 3 dimensions was brought back
Raphael’s School of Athens

14. Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci became a true Renaissance man by being a painter, sculptor, and scientist

16. Leonardo de Vinci Last Supper

18. Leonardo’s
Flying Machine

20. Renaissance
Other artists were Raphael and Michelangelo

21. Raphael
Madonna

22. M i c h e l a n g o
La Pieta

23. Michelangelo
David

24. D u e l i n g a v d s

25. The Sistine Chapel

26. Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel

28. Renaissance Women Painters:
Sofonisiba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi

29. Artemisia’s Birth of John the Baptist

30. Giotto

33. M a s c i o

35. Botticelli’s Birth of Venus

36. Titian’s
La Pieta

37. D o n a t e l

38. Renaissance Writers Wrote in Vernacular
First great writer was Petrarch
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince where he states the end justifies the means

39. Northern Renaissance
Renaissance in the north began after the Hundred Years’ War
However, the Northern Renaissance included more religious ideas than the original Renaissance

41. Northern Renaissance Great Painters of the Northern Renaissance:
Albrecht Durer who focused on realism
Hans Holbein
Flemish Jan van Eyck
Pieter Bruegel

42. St. Jerome

43. Henry VII by Holbein

46. Northern Renaissance
These Artists used oil-based paint because the paint does not dry quickly it can blend more easily

47. Northern Renaissance
Humanism moved to the north and became Christian Humanism
The great Christian Humanists were:

48. Desiderius Erasmus who wrote Praise of Folly
Thomas More who wrote Utopia which was the ideal place because there was no greed, war, or crime

49. Northern Renaissance
The greatest Renaissance writer in England was William Shakespeare who wrote MacBeth, Hamlet, etc…

50. Northern Renaissance
Shakespeare wrote during the reign of Elizabeth I, so England’s Renaissance is called the Elizabethan Age

51. Northern Renaissance
Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press which changed history.
The first book he ever printed was???
The Bible called the Gutenberg Bible

54. Northern Renaissance The printing press changed society by
Making books cheap = more people bought them = higher literacy rate
More people also could read the Bible and interpret what it said by themselves = lead to the Reformation which ended the Renaissance

55. Reformation Problems with the Church: Church officials were corrupt
Many priests were uneducated
Many priests were marrying, gambling, and drinking
SELLING INDULGENCES – pardon of sins through $ and not through penalties

56. Reformation
Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses attacking indulgences

57. Reformation Luther wanted a full reform of the Church
Only faith in God’s forgiveness brought salvation
All Church teachings should be based on the Bible
All people of faith are equal = priests should not interpret the Bible for them

58. Reformation
Most merchants and princes joined Luther for economic and political reasons
Mainly to throw off Church control and Church taxes

59. Reformation
Luther was excommunicated = he split from the Church and started his own Christian religion called Lutherans
Princes who protested against the Catholic Church and who wanted changes became Protestants (non-Catholic Christians)

61. Reformation
Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire fought against the Protestants
Eventually everyone signed the Peace of Augsburg where the religion of each state was decided by its ruler

62. Reformation
Henry VIII ruled England and he supported the Catholic Church, however he needed a male heir
Married Catherine of Aragon, but she only gave him a daughter = Mary
He wanted to annul his marriage or set Catherine aside = Pope said no

63. Reformation
Henry broke from the Church and created the English or Anglican Church = he divorced
He would eventually be married 6 times

64. Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleaves
Kathryn Howard
Katherine Parr

65. Reformation
Elizabeth I took over and made the Anglican Church permanent by making it more acceptable to Catholics and Protestants

66. Reformation
Catholic Spain under Philip II disliked that and tried to invade England
The Spanish Armada = 130 ships, 8000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers was made
It was defeated by bad weather and the small English fleet

67. Reformation John Calvin led another religion called Calvinism
He believed like Luther that humans cannot earn a place in Heaven

68. Reformation John Calvin’s major teaching was predestination
Predestination is the belief that God determines the fate of every person

69. Reformation
Calvin created a theocracy, area ruled by religious leaders, in Geneva
The laws of Geneva:
Everyone attended religious class
No bright clothing
No card games
If you preach another religion = burn at the stake

70. Reformation
John Knox took some of Calvin’s ideas to Scotland and created his own Church
Knox’s Church were led by laymen or presbyters = Presbyterians

71. Reformation
French Calvinists were called Huguenots and the French Catholics massacred them

72. Reformation
Another group decided to baptize only people old enough to decide to be Christian = Anabaptists
They taught Church and state should be separate and in no violence

73. Reformation
Catholics now had to reform = Catholic Reformation

74. Reformation Ignatius of Loyola created the Society of Jesus or Jesuits
Jesuits founded schools, became missionaries, and stop Protestantism from spreading
They were very strict and obedient to the Pope

75. Reformation
The Catholic Church under Pope Paul III reformed by doing 4 things
Investigate indulgences
Approved the Jesuits
Used Inquisition to punish Protestants
Called the Council of Trent

76. Reformation
In the Council of Trent met to reform the Catholic Church in 4 ways
Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
To get salvation, you need faith and good works
Bible and Church tradition were equal authorities of guiding Christian life
Indulgences were OK

77. Reformation Results of the Reformation Skepticism became popular
Europe was no longer united by a single religion
States gained more power