2. Objectives Body stores and daily requirements of vitamin B12 and folate Absorption of vitamin B12 and folate from the gut Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency Hematological consequences of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency Neurological sequelae of vitamin B12 deficiency Diagnosis and management of megaloblastic anemia Diagnosis and management of Pernicious Anemia

3. Requirements for Red Blood Cell Production Erythropoeitin Proteins, required for globin synthesis Iron Vitamin B12 and folic acid Vitamin B6 Vitamin C Thyroid hormones, estrogens and androgens

4. Vitamin B 12 and Folate

7. Macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophil

8. Macro-ovalocyte in megaloblastic anemia

10. Megaloblastic Anemia – Bone Marrow

11. Bone marrow - megaloblasts

15. Important for DNA synthesis, nervous tissue and fat metabolism in the liver an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, porphyrin synthesisporphyrin synthesis (Heme synthesis)

19. Absorption and transport of vitamin B12

22. B 12 /

25. Early graying of hair Blue eyes Pernicious Anemia (PA)

26. Pernicious Anemia Red beefy tongue

27. Pernicious Anemia Vitiligo

28. Normal Gastric atrophy PA

29. Atrophic Gastritis

35. The patient was a 45 year old woman. She had a swollen tender tongue, parasthesias of both feet and hands, decreased proprioception and vibratory sensation, ataxia and leg weakness.

36. Subacute Combined Degeneration of Spinal Cord

47. (120-160) (35-46) (80-100) (27-33) (9-15) (4.8-10.8) (150-400 106 g/l 32% 125 f 35.8 pg 14.9% 3.2 100 Hb Hct MCV MCH RDW WBC Plt CBC:

52. Retic count