1. Oligopoly Mr. Barnett UHS AP Microeconomics 2012-2013

3. Measuring Market Concentration  Concentration ratio : the percentage of the market’s total output supplied by its four largest firms.  The higher the concentration ratio, the less competition.  This chapter focuses on oligopoly, a market structure with high concentration ratios.

4. Concentration Ratios in Selected U.S. Industries IndustryConcentration ratio Video game consoles100% Tennis balls100% Credit cards99% Batteries94% Soft drinks93% Web search engines92% Breakfast cereal92% Cigarettes89% Greeting cards88% Beer85% Cell phone service82% Autos79%

9. Comparison  Oligopolies – best situation would be cooperation  But, by pursuing own self-interest each firm will try and capture larger share of market.  Total production rises, making prices fall.  Summary  Non-collusive oligopolies produce quantity of output greater than the level produced by monopoly and less than the level produced in perfect competition.  Non-collusive oligopoly price is less than the monopoly price but greater than the perfectly competitive price (which equals marginal cost).

10. Comparison  Globalization – Number of firms in oligopolies have increased  Increased competition keeps prices lower and closer to marginal costs

13. Game Theory  Strategic behavior in oligopoly: A firm’s decisions about P or Q can affect other firms and cause them to react. The firm will consider these reactions when making decisions.  Game theory : the study of how people behave in strategic situations.

15. Game Theory  Game theory helps us understand oligopoly and other situations where “players” interact and behave strategically.  Dominant strategy : a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players  Prisoners’ dilemma : a “game” between two captured criminals that illustrates why cooperation is difficult even when it is mutually beneficial

16. Game Theory  Payoff – What is the utility of the participants. Can be measured in dollars, yards gained, letter grades, nuclear damage, ships lost at sea etc…  Matrix – Series of rows and columns

17. Game Theory

18. A Beautiful Mind  Nash Equilibrium : outcome where neither firm has anything to gain by changing only its own strategy unilaterally.

19. Public Policy Toward Oligopolies  Recall one of the Ten Principles from Chapter 1: Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.  In oligopolies, production is too low and prices are too high, relative to the social optimum.  Role for policymakers: Prevent cooperation and promote competition to move the oligopoly outcome closer to the efficient outcome.