1. Kitchen & Bath Lighting

3. A good lighting design should: Look good – both people and design space Provide the proper amount of light in every room Be built and constructed within budget, code, and other constraints in mind Be environmentally responsible Respond to the architecture and interior design Produce good color Achieve the desired mood of each space Allow lighting control

6. The layered approach to lighting design Begin by thinking in layers task decorative focal ambient

7. Decorative

8. Ambient

9. decorative ambient

10. Task

12. Focal

20. Lighting Concepts General Lighting Task Lighting Workplane Distance Footcandle Lumen Candlepower (Candelas) Watts Lamp Data Tables

21. Lighting Concepts general lighting Every room must have enough illumination for people to navigate through it. The amount of light will vary depending on the activities performed in the room. General lighting is measured at the workplane level. If there is no workplane like in the living room it is calculated at 30” above the floor. General lighting is measured in “footcandles”

22. General Lighting Even light distribution is the key to great general lighting. Fixture placement and spacing must be accurately placed based on the lamps cone of light.

23. LIGHT SCALLOPS BAD! EDGE OF BEAM SHOULD NOT INTERSECT CABINET FRONT TASK LIGHTING GENERAL LIGHTING

25. Task Lighting Working at the sink Working at a desk Working at a prep area Reading

26. Lighting Concepts workplane Workplane – The actual or implied surface on which work happens Distance = Lamp Ht. –workplane height Distance = 96”- 36” = 60”

27. Footcandles How do we measure the light on a work surface? Footcandle – a unit of measurement that describes the amount of light on a surface, workplane, art, etc. Lux – The European Footcandle Lux = FC x 10.76 FC = Lux x.0929

28. Footcandles Sphere w/ 1 foot radius 1 SF of sphere surface 1 Footcandle is the amount of light falling on that surface There are 12.57 of these one radius square curved planes in any sphere. Sphere surfaces are known as Steradians

29. Lumens Let’s talk about another form of light measurement Lumen – a unit of measurement defining the quantity of light a lamp produces. In order to achieve the proper amount of footcandles necessary to illuminate a work surface we must know the strength of the light source. Only then can we determine how many are needed and how far apart they are spaced.

30. Candlepower Candlepower – the measurement of a lamps intensity, but only if it is directional

31. Sun’s intensity measured in LUMENS MOST! footcandles LEAST footcandles! MORE footcandles

32. 5’5’ 50 footcandles 640 footcandles 144 footcandles 1,250 candle power 3,600 candle power 16,000 candle power

33. Beam Angle A directional lamp focuses or redirects its light energy into a cone emanating from a lamp’s lens where it is measured in candlepower The center of the cone has the most intense light The edges have the least

34. The beam angle is defined where candlepower drops off to 50% From 50% to 10% is called spill light

35. Watts Wattage tells us how much power or energy is burned by a lamp Wattage tells us nothing about the amount of light a lamp can produce A 60 watt PAR38 lamp will have ~ three times the candlepower when compared to a 75 watt R40 lamp.

36. Color and Reflectance

37. Color Temperature Color Rendition Index (CRI) Reflectance

38. Color Temperature

39. Color temperature is measured in Kelvin  10,000K appears blue  1000K appears red  3000K to 3600K is considered neutral

41. Color Temperature Lower color temperature means warmer color Higher color temperature means a cooler color

43. Cool colors Warm colors

45. Color Rendition Index

46. Color Rendition Index is a scale from 1 to 100 which describes the effectiveness of a light source in reproducing accurately, an objects color. 100 being the best. The sun has a CRI of 100 The best lamps to use are ones with a CRI over 80 Incandescent lamps have a CRI of over 98 Fluorescents are the ones for which we must be careful

47. CRI Typical 4 foot fluorescent tube cool white or warm white bulbs have a CRI of around 50 and 60 respectively Color corrected fluorescent lamps are now available in 70 and 80 CRI and those with rare earth phosphorus reach 90

48. Color Temperature VS CRI Color Temperature describes how the lamp itself appears when illuminated. CRI describes the effectiveness of a light source in reproducing accurately, an objects color.

49. All together now! Lumens define the quantity of light Candlepower defines the intensity of light Footcandles defines the amount of light on a surface

50. All together now! Color temperature describes how the lamp itself appears CRI describes the effectiveness of a light source in reproducing accurately, an objects color.

51. Reflectance Reflectance – is the amount of light which reflects off an object This quantity of light is measured in “Foot-lamberts” The amount of light that reflects off of objects in a room adds to the overall illumination So, reflectance must be taken into consideration when determining the Footcandle requirements for a room.

54. Reflectance Four reflectance calculations Ceiling Walls Floor Task Background

55. Reflectance Example – 10’ x 10’ kitchen Ceiling reflectance -The ceiling color is white 80% Wall reflectance Determine the total wall area 10’ x 8’ = 80 SF 4x80 = 320 SF Divide the room into three predominate materials. 320/160 = 50% is cabinetry 320/64 = 20% is windows and openings 320/96 = 30% is wallpaper

56. Reflectance Next assign each material a reflectance (page 20)  Natural maple cabinets = 60%  Windows & doors = 4 %  Dark green wallpaper= 15% Next multiply each reflectance times its percentage of the total square feet .60 x.50 =.30 .04 x.20 =.008 .15 x.30 =.045 Total =.353 The average wall reflectance is 35%

57. Reflectance Floor reflectance – 100SF of warm gray slate – use medium gray (25%) Average the totals: Ceiling – 80% Walls - 35% Floor - 25% Average = 47%

58. Reflectance Background Reflectance last consideration is the light reflected by the countertops. Countertops are Light Cream 75%

59. Footcandles See Page 48 Kitchen  General Lighting = 30 Fc  Task Lighting = 75 fc

60. Adjusting for Age Always use 1.33 for age adjustment General 30 x 1.33 = 40 Fc Task 75 x 1.33 = 100 Fc (99.75) Note: See Page 49

61. Adjusting for Room Reflectance Adjusting Footcandle Levels based on Reflectance Average Room Reflectance = 47% Background Reflectance = 75% See Page 49 for Adjustment Factors

62. Adjusting for Room Reflectance Room Reflectance- Bring forward the adjusted Fc for age General 40 x 1 = 40 Fc Task 100 x 1 = 100 Fc Note: See Page 49

63. Task Background Reflectance Task Background Reflectance = 75% > 70% General 40 Fc x.66 = 26 Fc Task 100 Fc x.66 = 66 Fc Note: See Page 49

64. Lighting Measurements Footcandle Levels Inverse Square Law

65. Lighting Measurements Recommended base Footcandle Levels –  Page 48 Adjustment Factors –  Page 49

66. Lighting Measurements Inverse Square Law The greater the distance the lamp is from the object or workplane, the more powerful it will need to be The I.S. Law allows you to establish the appropriate lamp candlepower for any distance.

67. Lighting Measurements Three factors: Candlepower (Cp) Footcandle (Fc) Distance (D) If you know two factors you can calculate the third.

70. Inverse Square Law Candlepower = Footcandle = Distance =

71. Inverse Square Law D2D2 FC CP

72. Inverse Square Law Distance = 5’ Footcandles = 40 Candlepower = ?1000

73. Inverse Square Law Distance = Footcandles = 40 Candlepower = 1500 ?6’-2”

74. Lighting Spacing Principles Spacing Directional Lamps -

78. Lighting Spacing Principles Calculating Beam Spread Calculate H the distance from luminaire to 6” above work surface With a typical 96” ceiling height and a work surface at 36” the distance would be 54” B = 55° H = 54” distance between luminaries = 2 (tan27.5° * 54) = ~56”

79. Let’s work an example 35° Beam

81. Let’s work an example This one exists only in a perfect world! 96” Ceiling Height 55º Beam Spread

84. Another Example This time from the real world 96” Ceiling Height 55  Beam Spread

86. 56

87. What beam angle is required? Pendants 27” above work surface

88. 30”15” 15/27 =.5556 ATAN.5= 26.56º 29.05 x 2 = ~58º 58  /2 = 29  TAN29 =.5543.5543 x 21 = 11.64 11.64X2= ~24 12” 24” 12” 58° Beam Angle

90. Lighting the sink 48” between wall cabinets flanking the sink Countertop depth 25” We want two lamps Spacing 12” 24” 12”

91. Lighting the sink Lamps are 96” AFF Countertop is 36” AFF Beam intersection is 6” above the Countertop. Distance from lamp to beam intersection 54”

92. Lighting the sink 48” 25 ’ 12 ” 24”

93. 54” 6”6” 36” 24” 12” 54” 12.5° 25° 12”

94. Lighting the sink Page 109 in Lighting Kitchens & Baths Made Easy To create two cones that intersect 6” above the work surface 12”/54” =.2222 ATAN.2 = 12.53º 12.53 x 2 = ~25º Beam Spread

95. 54” 6”6” 36” 25° 24”

96. Lighting Measurements Footcandles Levels Inverse Square Law

97. Lighting Measurements Recommended base Footcandle Levels – Page 48 Adjustment Factors – Page 49

98. Lighting Measurements Inverse Square Law The greater the distance the lamp is from the object or workplane, the more powerful it will need to be. The I.S. Law allows you to establish the appropriate lamp candlepower for any distance.

100. Lighting Measurements Three factors: Candlepower (Cp) Footcandle (Fc) Distance (D) If you know two factors you can calculate the third.

101. Inverse Square Law Candlepower = Footcandle = Distance =

102. Inverse Square Law D2D2 FC CP

103. Inverse Square Law Distance = 5’ Footcandles = 40 Candlepower = ? 1000

104. Inverse Square Law Distance = Footcandles = 40 Candlepower = 1000 ?5’5’

105. Bathroom Vanity Lighting Side lighting recommended 30” apart