1. Dr. Najat Abdulwahab Bukhari Lecture 9

2. University Vision and Mission  Vision: To be a world-class university and a leader in developing Saudi Arabia’s knowledge economy  Mission: To provide students with a quality education, conduct valuable research, serve the national and international societies and contribute to Saudi Arabia’s knowledge economy through learning, creativity, the use of current and developing technologies and effective international partnership.

3. Vision: upgrading the academic and research to keep pace with scientific progress and requirements of society. Mission: Development of Academic process and develop scientific research through strategic planning and a clear vision for science and technology at the country level. As well as training of national cadres, and the introduction of a methodology developed to meet the different needs of society, and to serve the various research and developmental projects in the community Botany department Vision and Mission

4. Course Description Topics to be Covered TopicNo of Weeks Contact hours - Historical review of plant taxonomy (industrial, natural, evolution) 12 - Nomenclature12 - Classic taxonomy (morphological taxonomy of vegetation and floral characters – Fruits and seed characters. 52 - Key to taxonomical unites.12 - Fertilization and seed formation22 - The different kinds of fruits22 - The sexual differentiations of flowers and their fertilization 22 14

5. Androecium Male reproductive organ of a flower. The stamens are collectively referred to as the androecium. The number and position of the stamens are significant in the classification of flowering plants androecium

6. A typical stamen consists of : 1- filament, The stalk of a stamen in a flower, supporting the anther, differ in shape depending on pollination method.stamenfloweranther 2- anther, The pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower, consists of two lobs each one contains the pollen sacs.pollenbearingstamenflower 3- Connective: connects the two lobs.

7. Pollination Is the process of transition of pollen grains from the anther of flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant or another flower of the same type or another plant.

8.  Auto Pollination Transition of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of flower on the same plant.  Cross Pollination Transition of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma to another flower of the same plant or a different plant. Pollination types

9. Auto Pollination First: wind pollination  Advantages:  Very small pollen grains.  Dense population of plant.  Light in weight.  Have wing or hairs that aids in wind dispersal.  Feathery stigmas. (such as Graminaceae family).

10. Second : animal pollination (zoidiophilae)  Such as butterflies, bees, flies and ants. The insects feed on the nectar or pollen or both of them. 1- insect pollination (Entomophily )

11. 1.Bright color petals, with strong adore, some with foul odors to attract special kind of insects. 2.The flowers produce nectars, so that the insects and its larva fed on this nectar (diluted sugary syrup ). Characteristics of insect pollination plants:

12. 4.Some flowers has (honey guides) Colorful spots or stripes on a flower that indicate to insects where the nectar is produced. Colorfulflowerinsects nectar 4.Large numbers of pollen grains enough to fed insects and for the pollination process. 5.Pollen grains has spins, and sticky so it can stick on the insects. The stigma also is sticky and not branched.

13. 2- Birds pollination (Ornithophilae)  This distinguishes tropical and under tropical forests plants. Pollination with birds is similar to insect pollination but the flowers has some characteristics such as tubular corolla is pollinated by a bird with a A shape beak.

14.  Some birds break through the corolla and suck the nectar.  Very bright colors flowers to attract birds for pollination.  When birds sucks nectar with its long beak, pollen grains scattered on its head. Pollination happens when the birds head touches another flower’s stigma.

15. 3- Mollusks pollination By mollusks such as snails in plants that grow in the swamps.

16. artificial pollination 1- Cut and remove the stamens of bisexual flowers before maturity in order not to be self-pollination, then cover and keep the flowers-containing the carbala with solvent bags in order not get wind or insect pollination. Single-sex flowers, female flowers is covered only. How it is done:

17. 2- Pollen grains of mature stamens is collected in clean containers. Then the pollen grains brushed with small brush on the stamens of the female flowers. The fertilized flowers then covered and kept in solvent bags. It remain in the bags until the seeds began to grow. 3- The hybrid seeds then is grown to see the new characters.

19. Pollen Tube The pollen tube arises from the tube nucleus inside the pollen grain and grows through the tissue of the style and ovary. Eventually, the pollen tube reaches the ovule, permitting the sperm nuclei to reach the ovule and fertilize the egg cells

20. During the passage the fed from the tissue of the stamen and the wall of the ovary.

21. When the tube inters through the micropyle it reaches the apex of the nucleus, the apex dissolved and the two male gametes passes through the embryo sac.

23. Porogamic : Passage of the pollen tube to the nucleus through the micropyle of an ovule in a seed. Chalazogamic : Passage of the pollen tube to the nucleus through the chalaza of an ovule in a seed. Some times the pollen tube enters into an ovule through integuments or funicle. It is called as mesogamy

25. Fertilization and seed formation  After fertilization zygote stays for a period of time then the endosperm cell starts to dived rapidly to form the endosperm tissue.  First cell division gives 4-8 cells.  Then the base cell near the micropyle start elongation pushing other cells into the endosperm.  At the same time the far cell from the micropyle dived into tow cells before turning into ambryo.

26.  Then divided several divisions to give the spherical shape of the ambryo, with several other divisions gives the heart shape, which tunes into the two seed lobs.  During the ambryo formation, the nucleus, endosperm and cover tissue change a lot according to the type of seed. The nucleus and endosperm exist at the first stages of the embryo formation, they are used as fed in these stages only.

27.  The embryo grow from the zygote.  Testa (seed coat) develops from the inner and outer tissue that surround the egg.  Sperm cell (n) + egg cell (n) zygote (2n)  Sperm cell (n) +polar nucleus (2n) endosperm nucleus (3n)  Endosperm nucleus divided

28. Fertilization  Fertilization is the fusion of the sperm with the egg.  There are 3 stages before fertilization:  The formation of the sperm and egg.  Transfer of pollen grains from anther of a stamen to the stigma of carbala.  The formation of the pollen tube which grow through the style and ovary to reach the nuclei. The apex of the tube dissolve and empty its contains

29.  Double fertilization happen one sperm moves to the egg to form zygote. The other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei in the primary endosperm cell (2 sets of chromosomes) diploid. (2n)  Another sperm fuses with the secondary embryo sac nucleus to form endosperm cell (3 sets of chromosomes ) triploid. (3n)  Other cells acts as food for the embryo sac.  Zygote develops into the

30. Endospermic seeds are seeds whereby the endosperm is present in the mature seed and serves as food storage organ. Testa and endosperm are the covering layers of the embryo. (as in corn)

32. Non-endospermic seeds are seeds whereby the cotyledons serve as sole food storage organs. During embryo development the cotyledons absorb the food reserves from the endosperm. The endosperm is almost degraded in the mature seed and the embryo is enclosed by the testa. (as in beans) perisperm The nutritive tissue that is derived from the nucleus and surrounds the embryo of the seed.

33. Testa is the outer protective layer of the seed, and egg, it surrounds all around apart from the micropyle bare. Hilum is The scar on a seed, such as a bean, indicating the point of attachment to the funiculus. Funiculus is a stalk connecting an ovule or a seed with the placenta. It passes food from the placenta to the egg until the seed mature. Egg……….seed Ovary………fruit.