1. Computers and Society, Security, Privacy, and Ethics

2. Describe the types of computer security risks
Objectives
Describe the types of computer security risks
Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses
Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use
Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism

3. Define encryption and explain why it is necessary
Objectives
Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy
Define encryption and explain why it is necessary
Discuss the types of devices available that protect from system failure
Explain the options available for backing up computer resources

4. Identify safeguards that protect against Internet security risks
Objectives
Identify safeguards that protect against Internet security risks
Recognize issues related to information accuracy, rights, and conduct
Discuss issues surrounding information privacy
Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use

5. People
Privacy – What are the threats to personal privacy and how can we protect ourselves?
Security – How can access to sensitive information be controlled and how can we secure hardware and software?
Ethics – How do the actions of individual users and companies affect society? 5 5

6. Privacy
Privacy – concerns the collection and use of data about individuals
Three primary privacy issues:
Accuracy
Property
Access
Privacy (key term) concerns the collection and use of data about individuals
Every computer user should be aware of ethical matters, including how databases and networks are used and the major privacy laws
Accuracy (key term) – responsibility of those who collect data
Secure
Correct
Property (key term) – who owns data and who has rights to software
Access (key term) – responsibility of those who control data and use of data
Technology moving faster than law can adapt 6 6

7. Privacy - Large Databases
Large organizations compile information about us.
Federal government has over 2,000 databases
Telephone companies
Reverse directory lists of calls we make
Supermarkets
What we buy and when
Data collected and stored on citizens every day
Collectors include
Government agencies – Federal government has 2,000 databases; businesses
Telephone companies – compile lists of the calls we make; reverse directory (key term) is a special telephone directory that lists telephone numbers sequentially and can be used to gather data about the persons we call
Data has value – hence the rise of the information reseller: information resellers provide this gathered data to others for a fee 7 7

8. Privacy - Large Databases
Information resellers or information brokers
Collect and sell personal data
Electronic profiles easily created
Personal information is a marketable commodity, which raises many issues:
Collecting public, but personally identifying information (e.g., Google’s Street View)
Spreading information without personal consent, leading to identity theft
Spreading inaccurate information
Mistaken identity
Freedom of Information Act
Information resellers (key term) or information brokers (key term) collects and sells personal data. The create electronic profiles (key term)
Concerns include:
Spreading information without consent – example: collecting your shopping habits and sharing; or medical records, or driver’s license number
Last year over 10 million people were victimized by identity theft (key term) (illegal assumption of someone’s identity for economic gain)
Spreading inaccurate information – Mistakes happen, but when those mistakes are recorded and your financial position is affected it becomes a problem
Mistaken Identity (key term) – an electronic profile of one person is switched with another
Under the Freedom of Information Act (key term) you are entitled to look at your records held by government agencies. 8 8

9. Privacy - Private Networks
Employers can monitor legally
75 percent of all businesses search employees’ electronic mail and computer files using snoopware
A proposed law could prohibit this type of electronic monitoring or at least require the employer to notify the employee first
Currently legal for employers to monitor electronic mail; survey reported 75% do so using snoopware; an employee monitoring software (key term)
Snoopware records virtually everything you do on your computer 9 9

10. Privacy - Viewing and Blocking Cookies
Small pieces of information that are deposited on your hard disk from web sites you have visited
First-party cookies
Third-party cookies
Two basic types of cookies(key term)
Most cookies are harmless and are intended to provide customized service
First party cookies (key term) are generated by the website you are currently visiting.
Third party cookies (key term) are generated by an advertising company that is affiliated with the website you are visiting. Often referred to as tracking cookies (key term) 10 10

11. Privacy - Online Identity
The information that people voluntarily post about themselves online
Archiving and search features of the Web make it available indefinitely
Major Laws on Privacy
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
How would you feel if information you posted about yourself on the Web kept you from getting a job?
Online identity (key term) the information that people voluntarily post about themselves online.
There are now major laws on privacy such as:
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (key term) which protects personal financial information
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) (key term) which protects medical records
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (key term) restricts disclosure of educational records 11 11

12. Security
Cybercrime or computer crime is any offense that involves a computer and a network
Hackers
Gain unauthorized access
Security (key term) involves protecting individuals and organizations from theft and danger
Computer crime (key term) cybercrime (key term) – illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology
Computer criminals – those using computer technology to engage in illegal action
People who gain unauthorized access to computers are hackers (key term) 12 12

13. Computer Security Risks
What is a computer security risk?
Action that causes loss of or damage to computer system

14. Computer Security Risks
Malicious Programs - Malware
Viruses
Worms
Trojan horse
Zombies
Denial of Service
(DoS) attack
Creation of malicious programs – called malware (key term)which is short for malicious software
Crackers (key term) create and distribute malicious programs
Viruses (key term)–migrate through networks and operating systems and most attach themselves to different programs and databases; can alter and/or delete files; can damage system components; Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (key term) makes spreading a virus a federal offense
Worms (key term) – a special type of virus
Doesn’t attach to a program
Fills the computer with self-replicating information or can be a carrier of a more traditional virus
Trojan horse (key term) – programs that are disguised as something else; like worms they are carriers of viruses; The most common type of Trojan horses appear as free computer games.
Zombies (key term) – computers infected by a virus, worm, or Trojan horse that allows them to be remotely controlled for malicious purposes
A collection of Zombie computers is knows as a botnet (key term) , or robot network (key term) . Malicious activities include password cracking or sending junk .
Denial of service attacks (key term) – attempts to slow down or stop a computer system or network by flooding a computer or network with requests for information and data. The targets of these attacks are usually ISPs. 14 14

15. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
What are viruses, worms, and Trojan horses?
Virus is a potentially damaging computer program (can spread and damage files)
Worm copies itself repeatedly, using up resources and possibly shutting down computer or network

16. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
Payload (destructive event) that is delivered when you open file, run infected program, or boot computer with infected disk in disk drive
Trojan horse hides within or looks like legitimate program until triggered (does not replicate itself on other computers)

17. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
How can a virus spread through an message?
Step 1. Unscrupulous programmers create a virus program. They hide the virus in a Word document and attach the Word document to an message.
Step 2. They use the Internet to send the message to thousands of users around the world.

18. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
Step 3a. Some users open the attachment and their computers become infected with the virus.
Step 3b. Other users do not recognize the name of the sender of the message. These users do not open the message. Instead they delete the message. These users’ computers are not infected with the virus.

19. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
How can you protect your system from a macro virus?
Set macro security level in applications that allow you to write macros
At medium security level, warning displays that document contains macro
Macros are instructions saved in an application, such as word processing or spreadsheet program

20. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
What is an antivirus program?
Identifies and removes computer viruses
Most also protect against worms and Trojan horses
Popular Antivirus Programs
AVG AntiVirus
Command Antivirus
McAfee Virus Scan
Norton Antivirus
Trend Micro PC-cillin

21. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
What is a virus signature?
Specific pattern of virus code
Also called virus definition
Antivirus programs look for virus signatures

22. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
How does an antivirus program inoculate a program file?
Records information about program such as file size and creation date
Uses information to detect if virus tampers with file
Attempts to remove any detected virus
Quarantines infected files that it cannot remove
Keeps file in separate area of hard disk

23. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
What is a recovery disk?
Removable disk that contains uninfected copy of key operating system commands that enables computer to restart
Also called rescue disk
Once computer restarts, antivirus program can attempt to repair damaged files

24. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
What are some tips for preventing virus worm, and Trojan horse infections?
Set the macro security in programs so you can enable or disable macros
Install an antivirus program on all of your computers
Never open an attachment unless you are expecting it and it is from a trusted source

25. Security - Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
If the antivirus program flags an attachment as infected, delete the attachment immediately
Check all downloaded programs for viruses, worms, or Trojan horses
Back up your files regularly

26. Computer Crime – Unauthorized Access
Internet scams
Phishing
Internet scams (key term) –a fraudulent or deceptive act or operation to trick someone into providing personal information or spending money for little or no return
Phishing (key term) attempts to trick Internet users into thinking a fake but official-looking website is legitimate. 26 26

27. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
What is unauthorized access and how is it achieved?
Use of a computer or network without permission
Hackers typically break into computer by connecting to it and then logging in as a legitimate user
Hacker, or cracker, is someone who tries to access a computer or network illegally

28. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
What is a firewall?
Security system consisting of hardware and/or software that prevents unauthorized network access

29. Unauthorized Access and Use
What is a personal firewall?
Program that protects personal computer and its data from unauthorized intrusions
Monitors transmissions to and from computer
Informs you of attempted intrusion

30. Unauthorized Access and Use
Personal Firewall Software
BlackICE PC Protection
McAfee Firewall
Norton Personal Firewall
Sygate Personal Firewall
Tiny Personal Firewall
ZoneAlarm

31. Unauthorized Access and Use
What are other ways to protect your personal computer?
Disable file and printer sharing on Internet connection
Use online security service—Web site that evaluates computer to check for Web and vulnerabilities

32. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
How can companies protect against hackers?
Intrusion detection software analyzes network traffic, assesses system vulnerabilities, and identifies intrusions and suspicious behavior
Access control defines who can access computer and what actions they can take
Audit trail records access attempts

33. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
What is a user name?
Unique combination of characters that identifies user
Password is private combination of characters associated with the user name that allows access to computer resources

34. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
How can you make your password more secure?
Longer passwords provide greater security
PASSWORD PROTECTION

35. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
What is a biometric device?
Authenticates person’s identity using personal characteristic
Fingerprint, hand geometry, voice, signature, and iris

36. Computer Crime - Unauthorized Access and Use
What is a callback system?
User connects to computer only after the computer calls that user back at a previously established telephone number
Some networks utilize callback systems as an access control method to authenticate remote or mobile users
Callback systems work best for users who regularly work at the same remote location, such as at home or branch office

37. Hardware Theft and Vandalism
What are hardware theft and hardware vandalism?
Hardware theft is act of stealing computer equipment
Cables sometimes used to lock equipment
Some notebook computers use passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics as security methods
For PDAs, you can password-protect the device
Hardware vandalism is act of defacing or destroying computer equipment

38. Software piracy is illegal duplication of copyrighted software
Software Theft
What is software theft?
Act of stealing or illegally copying software or intentionally erasing programs
Software piracy is illegal duplication of copyrighted software

39. What is a license agreement?
Software Theft
What is a license agreement?
Right to use software
Single-user license agreement allows user to install software on one computer, make backup copy, and sell software after removing from computer

40. What are some other safeguards against software theft?
Product activation allows user to input product identification number online or by phone and receive unique installation identification number
Business Software Alliance (BSA) promotes better understanding of software piracy problems

41. Computer Crime – Information Privacy
Social networking risks
Cyber-bullying
Rogue Wi-Fi hotspots
Theft
Data manipulation
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Social networking risks
Information posted can be used by others to steal personal identities and commit other types of crimes
Cyber-bullying (key term) - the use of the Internet, cell phones, or other devices to send or post content intended to hurt or embarrass another person.
sending repeated unwanted s
ganging up on victims in electronic forums
posting false statements designed to injure the reputation of another
maliciously disclosing personal data about a person that could lead to harm to that person
sending any type of communication that is threatening or harassing
Rogue Wi-Fi Hotspots (key term) – imitate free Wi-Fi networks and capture any and all information sent by the users to legitimate sites including usernames and passwords.
Theft – hardware, software, data, computer time, confidential information
Data manipulation – finding entry into someone’s computer network and leaving a prankster’s message
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act – law states that it’s a crime for an unauthorized person to view, copy or damage data using any computer across state lines 41 41

42. Safeguards against information theft
What is encryption?
Safeguards against information theft
Process of converting plaintext (readable data) into ciphertext (unreadable characters)
Encryption key (formula) often uses more than one method
To read the data, the recipient must decrypt, or decipher, the data

43. What does an encrypted file look like?
Information Theft
What does an encrypted file look like?

44. What is a system failure? Prolonged malfunction of computer
Can cause loss of hardware, software, or data
Caused by aging hardware, natural disasters, or electrical power disturbances
Noise—unwanted electrical signal
Undervoltage—drop in electrical supply
Overvoltage or power surge—significant increase in electrical power

45. What is a surge protector?
System Failure
What is a surge protector?
Protects computer and equipment from electrical power disturbances
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is surge protector that provides power during power loss

46. Backing Up — The Ultimate Safeguard
What is a backup?
Duplicate of file, program, or disk
Full backup all files in computer
Selective backup select which files to back up
Three-generation backup preserves three copies of important files
In case of system failure or corrupted files, restore files by copying to original location

47. Internet Security Risks
What is a denial of service attack?
Also called DoS attack
Hacker uses unsuspecting computer, called zombie, to execute attack on other systems
Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is more devastating DoS attack in which multiple computers attack multiple networks
Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center (CERT/CC) assists with DDoS attacks

48. Internet Security Risks
How do Web browsers provide secure data transmission?
Many Web browsers use encryption
Secure site is Web site that uses encryption to secure data
Digital certificate is notice that guarantees Web site is legitimate

49. Internet Security Risks
What is a certificate authority (CA)?
Authorized person or company that issues and verifies digital certificates
Users apply for digital certificate from CA

50. Internet Security Risks
What is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)?
Provides encryption of all data that passes between client and Internet server
Web addresses beginning with “https” indicate secure connections

51. Internet Security Risks
What are methods for securing messages?
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is popular encryption program
Digital signature is encrypted code attached to message to verify identity of sender
Freeware for personal, non-commercial use

52. Unauthorized use of computers and networks Software theft
Ethics and Society
What are computer ethics?
Moral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systems
Unauthorized use of computers and networks
Software theft
Information accuracy
Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for their work
Codes of conduct
Information privacy

53. Ethics - continued Copyright Software piracy Plagiarism
Gives content creators the right to control the use and distribution of their work
Paintings, books, music, films, video games
Software piracy
Unauthorized copying and distribution
Plagiarism
Technology is moving so fast it is hard for our legal system to keep up. The essential element that controls how computers are used today is ethics (key term) .
Copyright (key term) – legal concept that gives content creators full rights
Software piracy (key term) – unauthorized copying and / or distribution of software
Computer ethics (key term) - guidelines for the morally acceptable use of computers
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (key term) – the right of the owner to make a backup copy
Digital rights management (key term) – prevents copyright violations
Plagiarism (key term) – representing some other person’s work and ideas as your own without giving credit to the original person’s work and ideas as your own committed by a plagiarist (key term) 53 53

54. What is an IT code of conduct?
Ethics and Society
What is an IT code of conduct?
Written guideline that helps determine whether computer action is ethical
Employers can distribute to employees
IT CODE OF CONDUCT

55. What is information privacy?
Right of individuals and companies to restrict collection and use of information about them
Difficult to maintain today because data is stored online
Employee monitoring is using computers to observe employee computer use
Legal for employers to use monitoring software programs

56. What are some ways to safeguard personal information?
Information Privacy
What are some ways to safeguard personal information?
Fill in necessary information on rebate, warranty, and registration forms
Install a cookie manager to filter cookies
Sign up for filtering through your Internet service provider or use an antispam program, such as Brightmail
Avoid shopping club and buyers cards

57. Clear your history file when you are finished browsing
Information Privacy
Clear your history file when you are finished browsing
Inform merchants that you do not want them to distribute your personal information
Set up a free account; use this address for merchant forms
Do not reply to spam for any reason

58. Turn off file and print sharing on your Internet connection
Information Privacy
Turn off file and print sharing on your Internet connection
Surf the Web anonymously with a program such as Freedom Web Secure or through an anonymous Web site such as Anonymizer.com
Limit the amount of information you provide to Web sites; fill in only required information
Install a personal firewall

59. What is an electronic profile?
Information Privacy
What is an electronic profile?
Data collected when you fill out form on Web
Merchants sell your electronic profile
Often you can specify whether you want personal information distributed

60. How regularly you visit Web sites Interests and browsing habits
Information Privacy
What is a cookie?
Small file on your computer that contains data about you
User preferences
How regularly you visit Web sites
Interests and browsing habits
Some Web sites sell or trade information stored in your cookies
Set browser to accept cookies, prompt you to accept cookies, or disable cookies

61. Information Privacy
How do cookies work?
Step 1. When you type Web address of Web site in your browser window, browser program searches your hard disk for a cookie associated with Web site.
Step 2. If browser finds a cookie, it sends information in cookie file to Web site.
Step 3. If Web site does not receive cookie information, and is expecting it, Web site creates an identification number for you in its database and sends that number to your browser. Browser in turn creates a cookie file based on that number and stores cookie file on your hard disk. Web site now can update information in cookie files whenever you access the site

62. What is a cookie manager?
Information Privacy
What is a cookie manager?
Software program that selectively blocks cookies.

63. What are spyware and spam?
Information Privacy
What are spyware and spam?
Spyware is program placed on computer without user’s knowledge
Secretly collects information about user
Spam is unsolicited message sent to many recipients

64. Service that blocks e-mail messages from designated sources
Information Privacy
How can you control spam?
filtering
Service that blocks messages from designated sources
Collects spam in central location that you can view any time
Anti-spam program
Attempts to remove spam
Sometimes removes valid messages

65. What privacy laws have been enacted?
Information Privacy
What privacy laws have been enacted?
1992 Cable Act Extends the privacy of the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 to include cellular and other wireless services.
1994 Computer Abuse Amendments Act Amends 1984 act to outlaw transmission of harmful computer code such as viruses.
1996 National Information Intrastructure Protection Act Penalizes theft of information across state lines, threats against networks, and computer system trespassing.

66. Information Privacy What privacy laws have been enacted?
1997 No Electronic Theft Act Closes a narrow loophole in the law that allowed people to give away copyrighted materials (such as software) on the Internet without legal repercussions.
1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Makes it illegal to circumvent antipiracy scheme in commercial software: outlaws sale of devices that copy software illegally.
2001 Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (Patriot Act) Gives law enforcement the right to monitor people’s activities, including Web and habits.

67. What is content filtering?
Information Privacy
What is content filtering?
Process of restricting access to certain material
Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA) provides rating system of Web content
Web filtering software restricts access to specified sites

68. Health Concerns of Computer Use
What are some health concerns of computer use?
Computer vision syndrome (CVS)—eye and vision problems
Repetitive strain injury (RSI)
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)—inflammation of nerve that connects forearm to palm

69. Health Concerns of Computer Use
Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon due to repeated motion
Computer addiction—when computer consumes entire social life

70. Health Concerns of Computer Use
What precautions can prevent tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome?
Take frequent breaks during computer session
Use wrist rest
Exercise hands and arms
Minimize number of times you switch between mouse and keyboard

71. Health Concerns of Computer Use
How can you ease eyestrain when working at the computer?
Every 10 to 15 minutes take an eye break
Look into the distance and focus on an object for 20 to 30 seconds
Roll your eyes in a complete circle
Close your eyes and rest them for at least one minute

72. Health Concerns of Computer Use
Blink your eyes every five seconds
Place your display device about an arm’s length away from your eyes with the top of the screen at eye level or below
Use large fonts
If you wear glasses, ask your doctor about computer glasses
Adjust the lighting

73. Health Concerns of Computer Use
What is ergonomics?
Applied science devoted to comfort, efficiency, and safety in workplace
Keyboard height: 23” to 28”
Elbows at 90 degrees and arms and hands parallel to the floor
Adjustable backrest
Adjustable seat
Feet flat on floor
Adjustable height chair with 5 legs for stability

74. Health Concerns of Computer Use
What is green computing?
Reducing electricity and environmental waste while using computer
Use computer and devices that comply with the ENERGY STAR program.
Do not leave the computer running overnight.
Turn off the monitor, printer, and other devices when not in use.

75. Health Concerns of Computer Use
Use paperless methods to communicate
Recycle paper
Buy recycle paper
Recycle toner cartridges
Recycle old computers and printers
Telecommute (save gas)

76. Careers in IT
IT Security Analysts maintain the security of a company’s network, systems, and data.
Must safeguard information systems against external threats
Annual salary is usually from $62,000 to $101,000
Demand for this position is expected to grow 76

77. THE END A Look to the Future A Webcam on Every Corner
Images of public places are more accessible than ever before (e.g., Google Street View)
“Virtual site-seeing tours”
Public webcams continue to grow in popularity
THE END 77

78. Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 3)
Define privacy and discuss the impact of large databases, private networks, the Internet, and the Web.
Define and discuss online identity and the major privacy laws.
Define security. Define computer crime and the impact of malicious programs, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and zombies, as well as cyberbullying, denial of service attacks, Internet scams, social networking risks, rogue Wi-Fi hotspots, thefts, data manipulation, and other hazards.
Have students turn to the end of Chapter 9 in their textbooks to view the same “Open-Ended” questions/statements. 78 78

79. Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 2)
Discuss ways to protect computer security including restricting access, encrypting data, anticipating disasters, and preventing data loss.
Define ethics, and describe copyright law and plagiarism.
Have students turn to the end of Chapter 9 in their textbooks to view the same “Open-Ended” questions/statements. 79 79

80. Making IT Work for You ~ Cloud-Based Backup
Cloud-based backup services such as Carbonite provide cloud-based backup services. 80

81. Summary of Computers and Society, Security, Privacy, and Ethics
Potential computer risks
Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can implement to minimize these risks
Internet security risks and safeguards
Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes of conduct, and information privacy
Computer-related health issues, their preventions, and ways to keep the environment healthy

82. Bibliography
Discovering Computers 2004 Gateway to Information, Chap retrieved November 24, 2003.