1. Fieldwork

2. Measuring populations - sampling Usually use transect or quadrat to sample Count number of organisms per sample area, then calculate numbers per m 2 (or m 3 )

3. Measuring populations - transects Used to establish main features eg – slope, water features, rocks, distribution of major plant life – trees, shrubs, etc

4. Drawing profiles Profiles show main living and non-living features including vegetation, slope, soil, etc

5. Drawing transects Transects show main living features including vegetation type, distribution and height

6. Measuring populations - quadrats Used to establish population densities or distribution patterns eg – population number/unit area, percentage cover of different plant species

7. Drawing quadrats Quadrats show distribution patterns

8. Using quadrats to estimate population numbers The diagram opposite shows the plants observed in a 6m x 6m plot. Key: Bunchgrass species Cattail species Estimate the population density for these two plants. If this is a sample from a 100 m 2 area, estimate the population of each of the plants in this area.

9. Measuring populations – capture-recapture Capture organisms and tag/identify in some way, then release back to ecosystem Go back later and recapture. Count the number of recaptured organisms with tags Estimate population using formula: Number in first sample x number in second sample number tagged in second sample

10. Capturing techniques 1 Pit traps: These involve digging a hole that animals fall into. Many are put along a fence line, so animals are forced to walk over them Organisms caught this way include arthropods, small amphibians and reptiles (depending on size of pit) Animal traps: These involve cages or traps with bait to attract animals to enter. Organisms caught this way include small to medium sized mammals, reptiles and birds

11. Capturing techniques 2 Nets or scoops (Net-trawling): These involve use of nets, scoops or trawling nets to capture animals in water or air. Organisms caught this way include flying invertebrates eg insects (air nets), invertebrates and fish (trwl nets) Tullgren funnel: This involves a light source over soil sample, that forces the animals to move to the bottom and fall through the mesh. Organisms caught this way include small invertebrates eg insects, worms, slaters, etc

12. Tracking and tagging Ways of marking, tagging or tracking organisms after capture include radio collars, ear tags, ear notches, GPS transmitters, microchips, painting. Some issues with these techniques include risk of harm to the tagged animal, ease of placing tag, length of time tag needs to remain in place, expense, size of animal

13. Measuring abiotic factors Factors include Climatic conditions eg rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, sunlight Presence of water and its quality eg salinity, turbidity, oxygen content Soil type and quality eg salinity, pH, fertility