1. Primary vs. Secondary Documents
Primary Source: a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS: Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records 
CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art 
RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
Secondary Source: interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias 

2. 1. Reservations : areas of federal land put aside for Native Americans
Settlers moved to the west in the 1850s and conflicts arose with Indians
1. Reservations : areas of federal land put aside for Native Americans
2. Sand Creek Massacre (1864):Cheyenne surrendered, US military killed over 200 men women and children
3. Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): gold discovered in the Black Hills (SD). Sioux refused to leave. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull led the Sioux to a victory. “Custer’s Last Stand”
4. Wounded Knee (1890): (SD) After Sitting Bull is killed, Indians leave the reservations. This is the last war on the Plains.
5. Dawes Act (1887): Gave Indians land ownership (160 acres). Also gave Indians U.S. Citizenship

4. II. Reasons to move west:
1. Discovery of gold
2. Transcontinental RR
3. Offers of free land
a. Homestead Act: 160 acres of land for a registration fee and a promise to live on the land for 5 years.
b. Morrill Act: granted 17 million acres of land to the states
4. Cattle kingdoms
a. New farming techniques (dry farming)
b. Farming inventions (John Deere steel plow)

5. III. Results
Increased population
Immigration

6. Immigration to the United States

7. Pre 1800 England Germany Ireland Scandinavia Africa Scotland
Skilled workers
Spoke English
Most were Protestant (except Irish)
Settled outside cities on farms

8. 1800-1900 Hungary Czech Greece Poland Russia Slovakia Chinese Japanese
Armenia Jews
Unskilled workers industrial jobs in cities
Spoke little English
Different religious beliefs:
Greek Orthodoxy
Catholicism
Judaism
Buddhism

9. What is the subject of the photograph?
What does the photograph reveal about its subject?
Whose story is being told and whose is left untold?
What is the setting for the photograph?
What other details did you observe?
When and where in the past do you think the photograph was taken? How can you tell?
How would you describe the photographer's point of view?
What do you see? How would you describe the setting?
Next, study the people, one by one.
How are they dressed? What are they doing? What relationships do you see among the people pictured?

12. By the turn of the century, there were as many Italians living in New York City as in Naples, as many Germans as in Hamburg, and twice as many Irish as in Dublin. Immigrant populations were large in other cities and in rural areas across America. As the poet Walt Whitman observed, America had become "not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations."

13. By the turn of the century (1900), there were as many Italians living in New York City as in Naples, as many Germans as in Hamburg, and twice as many Irish as in Dublin. Immigrant populations were large in other cities and in rural areas across America.

14. Chinese Immigration Came from China for the 1849 GOLD RUSH young
single
peasants
Cheap labor
Construct RR’s
Peddlers
Agricultural work
Garment working
substitute for slave labor
Negatives:
Chinatowns
Did “dirty” jobs
Opium dens
Prostitution
Gambling

16. Restrictions on Chinese Immigration
Naturalization Act of 1870 restricted immigration to “white persons and persons of African descent” Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended Chinese immigration prohibited Chinese from becoming citizens Geary Act (2nd Chinese Exclusion Act) 1892

18. Irish Immigration - 1846 Ireland ~ 4 million people
Major industry is agriculture
Major crop is the potato
Blight AKA the “Irish Famine” in 1845 ruins ¾ of the crop of potatoes
1 million die from starvation, typhus

19. Irish to the United States
2 million emigrate to the United States by 1854
Lived in cities (NYC, Philly, Boston*, Chicago)
Poor, did not own land
Built RR’s, coalminers, fought in the Civil War
Democrats – feared the slave
would compete for jobs
Stereotypes:
Catholics that fought with others
Bought votes
Stuffed ballot boxes
Drunks
Animal-like (dogs, apes)

20. Between 1880 and 1920, 4 MILLION Italians entered the U.S.
Italian Immigration
Poverty
Illiteracy (70%)
Overpopulation
Natural disaster
- Mt Vesuvias (buried a town
- Mt Etna (killed 100, people)
Division between north and south
relied on la famiglia (the family) instead of Italians as a cohesive ethnic group
Between 1880 and 1920, 4 MILLION Italians entered the U.S.

21. Italian Immigration In America: young, single men in their 20’s
stayed in cities (no farming)
construction work (bridges, roads, the first skyscrapers)
began as migrant workers “birds of passage”
Negatives:
Catholics (seen as oppressive)
Fought with the Irish, Portuguese, Polish
“dirty” (menial jobs with little education)
Little Italy (clusters of ethnicity)
Anarchists
Organized crime

22. German Immigration

23. Jewish Immigration

24. http://www. census. gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab02