1. Shelley Begley Application Development Engineer Agilent Technologies Electromagnetic Properties of Materials: Characterization at Microwave Frequencies and Beyond

2. Definitions Measurement Techniques Coaxial Probe Transmission Line Free-Space Resonant Cavity Summary Agenda

3. Definitions Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects and is affected by a dielectric medium and is determined by the ability of a material to polarize in response to an applied electric field, and thereby to cancel, partially, the field inside the material. Permittivity relates therefore to a material's ability to transmit (or "permit") an electric field…The permittivity of a material is usually given relative to that of vacuum, as a relative permittivity, (also called dielectric constant in some cases)….- Wikipedia

4. Permittivity and Permeability Definitions interaction of a material in the presence of an external electric field. Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)

5. Permittivity and Permeability Definitions interaction of a material in the presence of an external electric field. Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)

6. Permittivity and Permeability Definitions interaction of a material in the presence of an external electric field. interaction of a material in the presence of an external magnetic field. Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) Permeability

7. Permittivity and Permeability Definitions interaction of a material in the presence of an external electric field. interaction of a material in the presence of an external magnetic field. Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) Permeability

8. Electromagnetic Field Interaction Electric Magnetic Permittivity Permeability Fields STORAGE MUT STORAGE

9. Electromagnetic Field Interaction Electric Magnetic Permittivity Permeability Fields STORAGE LOSS MUT STORAGE LOSS

10. Loss Tangent Dissipation Factor Quality Factor

11. Relaxation Constant   = Time required for 1/e of an aligned system to return to equilibrium or random state, in seconds. 1 1 10 100 10 100 Water at 20 o C f, GHz most energy is lost at 1/ 

12. Techniques Transmission LIne Resonant Cavity Free Space Coaxial Probe

13. Which Technique is Best? It Depends…

14. Frequency of interest Expected value of e r and m r Required measurement accuracy Which Technique is Best? It Depends… on

15. Frequency of interest Expected value of e r and m r Required measurement accuracy Material properties (i.e., homogeneous, isotropic) Form of material (i.e., liquid, powder, solid, sheet) Sample size restrictions Which Technique is Best? It Depends… on

16. Frequency of interest Expected value of e r and m r Required measurement accuracy Material properties (i.e., homogeneous, isotropic) Form of material (i.e., liquid, powder, solid, sheet) Sample size restrictions Destructive or non-destructive Contacting or non-contacting Temperature Which Technique is Best? It Depends… on

17. Measurement Techniques vs. Frequency and Material Loss Frequency Loss Transmission line Resonant Cavity Coaxial Probe Microwave RF Millimeter-wave Low frequency High Medium Low Free Space 50 MHz20 GHz 40 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 500+ GHz

18. Measurement Techniques vs. Frequency and Material Loss Frequency Loss Coaxial Probe Microwave RF Millimeter-wave Low frequency High Medium Low 50 MHz20 GHz 40 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 500+ GHz

19. Measurement Techniques vs. Frequency and Material Loss Frequency Loss Coaxial Probe Microwave RF Millimeter-wave Low frequency High Medium Low 50 MHz20 GHz 40 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 500+ GHz

20. Measurement Techniques vs. Frequency and Material Loss Frequency Loss Transmission line Coaxial Probe Microwave RF Millimeter-wave Low frequency High Medium Low Free Space 50 MHz20 GHz 40 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 500+ GHz

21. Measurement Techniques vs. Frequency and Material Loss Frequency Loss Transmission line Coaxial Probe Microwave RF Millimeter-wave Low frequency High Medium Low Free Space 50 MHz20 GHz 40 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 500+ GHz

22. Measurement Techniques vs. Frequency and Material Loss Frequency Loss Transmission line Resonant Cavity Coaxial Probe Microwave RF Millimeter-wave Low frequency High Medium Low Free Space 50 MHz20 GHz 40 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 500+ GHz

23. Coaxial Probe System Network Analyzer (or E4991A Impedance Analyzer) 85070E Dielectric Probe GP-IB or LAN 85070E Software (included in kit) Calibration is required Computer (Optional for PNA or ENA-C)

24. Material assumptions: effectively infinite thickness non-magnetic isotropic homogeneous no air gaps or bubbles Material assumptions: effectively infinite thickness non-magnetic isotropic homogeneous no air gaps or bubbles Coaxial Probe 1 Reflection (S ) rr

25. Three Probe Designs High Temperature Probe 0.200 – 20GHz (low end 0.01GHz with impedance analyzer) Withstands -40 to 200 degrees C Survives corrosive chemicals Flanged design allows measuring flat surfaced solids.

26. Three Probe Designs Slim Form Probe 0.500 – 50GHz Low cost consumable design Fits in tight spaces, smaller sample sizes For liquids and soft semi-solids only

27. Three Probe Designs Performance Probe Combines rugged high temperature performance with high frequency performance, all in one slim design. 0.500 – 50GHz Withstands -40 to 200 degrees C Hermetically sealed on both ends, OK for autoclave Food grade stainless steel

28. Coaxial Probe Example Data

30. Martini Meter! Infometrix, Inc.

31. Transmission Line System Network Analyzer GPIB or LAN Sample holder connected between coax cables 85071E Materials Measurement Software Calibration is required Computer (Optional for PNA or ENA-C)

32. Transmission Line Sample Holders Waveguide Coaxial

33. Transmission Line l Reflection (S ) 11 Transmission (S ) 21 Material assumptions: sample fills fixture cross section no air gaps at fixture walls flat faces, perpendicular to long axis Known thickness > 20/360 λ Material assumptions: sample fills fixture cross section no air gaps at fixture walls flat faces, perpendicular to long axis Known thickness > 20/360 λ  r and  r

34. 85071E Materials Measurement Software Transmission Free-Space System GP-IB or LAN Network Analyzer Sample holder fixtured between two antennae Calibration is required Computer (Optional for PNA or ENA-C)

35. Non-Contacting method for High or Low Temperature Tests. Free Space with Furnace

36. Transmission Free-Space Material assumptions: Flat parallel faced samples Sample in non-reactive region Beam spot is contained in sample Known thickness > 20/360 λ Material assumptions: Flat parallel faced samples Sample in non-reactive region Beam spot is contained in sample Known thickness > 20/360 λ l Reflection (S11 ) Transmission (S21 )  r and  r

37. Transmission Example Data

38. Resonant Cavity System Resonant Cavity with sample connected between ports. Network Analyzer GP-IB or LAN Computer (Optional for PNA or ENA-C) Resonant Cavity Software No calibration required

39. Resonant Cavity Fixtures Agilent Split Cylinder Resonator IPC TM-650- 2.5.5.5.13 Split Post Dielectric Resonators from QWED ASTM 2520 Waveguide Resonators

40. Resonant Cavity Technique f f c Q c empty cavity fc = Resonant Frequency of Empty Cavity fs = Resonant Frequency of Filled Cavity Qc = Q of Empty Cavity Qs = Q of Filled Cavity Vs = Volume of Empty Cavity Vc = Volume of Sample ASTM 2520 S21

41. Resonant Cavity Technique Q f s f f c s Q c empty cavity sample inserted fc = Resonant Frequency of Empty Cavity fs = Resonant Frequency of Filled Cavity Qc = Q of Empty Cavity Qs = Q of Filled Cavity Vs = Volume of Empty Cavity Vc = Volume of Sample ASTM 2520 S21

42. Resonant Cavity Technique Q f s f f c s Q c empty cavity sample inserted fc = Resonant Frequency of Empty Cavity fs = Resonant Frequency of Filled Cavity Qc = Q of Empty Cavity Qs = Q of Filled Cavity Vs = Volume of Empty Cavity Vc = Volume of Sample ASTM 2520 S21

43. Resonant Cavity Technique Q f s f f c s Q c empty cavity sample inserted fc = Resonant Frequency of Empty Cavity fs = Resonant Frequency of Filled Cavity Qc = Q of Empty Cavity Qs = Q of Filled Cavity Vs = Volume of Empty Cavity Vc = Volume of Sample ASTM 2520 S21

44. Resonant Cavity Example Data

45. Resonant vs. Broadband Transmission Techniques ResonantBroadband Low Loss materials Yes e r ” resolution ≤10 -4 No e r ” resolution ≥10 -2 -10 -3 Thin Films and Sheets Yes 10GHz sample thickness <1mm No 10GHz optimum thickness ~ 5-10mm Calibration RequiredNoYes Measurement Frequency Coverage Single FrequencyBroadband or Banded

46. Summary Technique and Strengths Coaxial Probe Broadband  r Best for liquids, semi-solids Transmission Line Broadband  r &  r Best for solids or powders Transmission Free Space Broadband, mm-wave  r &  r Non-contacting Resonant Cavity Single frequency  r High accuracy, Best for low loss, or thin samples

47. Microwave Dielectric Measurement Solutions Model NumberDescription 85070E 020 030 050 Dielectric Probe Kit High Temperature Probe Slim Form Probe Performance Probe 85071E 100 200 300 E01 E03 E04 Materials Measurement Software Free Space Calibration Reflectivity Software Resonant Cavity Software 75-110GHz Free Space Fixture 2.5GHz Split Post Dielectric Resonator 5GHz Split Post Dielectric Resonator 85072A10GHz Split Cylinder Resonant Cavity

48. For More Information Visit our website at: www.agilent.com/find/materials For Product Overviews, Application Notes, Manuals, Quick Quotes, international contact information…

49. For More Information Visit our website at: www.agilent.com/find/materials Call our on-line technical support: +1 800 829-4444 For Product Overviews, Application Notes, Manuals, Quick Quotes, international contact information… For personal help for your application, formal quotes, to get in touch with Agilent field engineers in your area.

50. References R N Clarke (Ed.), “A Guide to the Characterisation of DielectricMaterials at RF and Microwave Frequencies,” Published by The Institute of Measurement & Control (UK) & NPL, 2003 J. Baker-Jarvis, M.D. Janezic, R.F. Riddle, R.T. Johnk, P. Kabos, C. Holloway, R.G. Geyer, C.A. Grosvenor, “Measuring the Permittivity and Permeability of Lossy Materials: Solids, Liquids, Metals, Building Materials, and Negative-Index Materials,” NIST Technical Note 15362005 “Test methods for complex permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of solid electrical insulating materials at microwave frequencies and temperatures to 1650°, ” ASTM Standard D2520, American Society for Testing and Materials Janezic M. and Baker-Jarvis J., “Full-wave Analysis of a Split-Cylinder Resonator for Nondestructive Permittivity Measurements,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques vol. 47, no. 10, Oct 1999, pg. 2014-2020 J. Krupka, A.P. Gregory, O.C. Rochard, R.N. Clarke, B. Riddle, J. Baker-Jarvis, “Uncertainty of Complex Permittivity Measurement by Split-Post Dielectric Resonator Techniques,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society No. 10, 2001, pg. 2673-2676 “Basics of Measureing the Dielectric Properties of Materials”. Agilent application note. 5989-2589EN, April 28, 2005

51. Transmission Algorithms ( 85071E also has three reflection algorithms) AlgorithmMeasured S-parametersOutput Nicolson-RossS11,S21,S12,S22  r and  r Precision (NIST)S11,S21,S12,S22 rr FastS21,S12 rr