1. L INCOLN, S ECESSION AND W AR 10.4

2. O BJECTIVES Compare the candidates in the election of 1860, and analyze the results. Analyze why southern states seceded from the Union. Assess the events that led to the outbreak of war.

3. K EY P ARTS The Election of 1860 The Union Collapses The Civil War Begins

4. I NTRODUCTION Read section 10.4 Answer questions 4-6 on page 353.

5. T HE E LECTION OF 1860 Tensions were high during the election of 1860, it did not seem as though either side would elect a president from the opposite region. The candidates were: Democrats- North Stephen A. Douglas, South John C. Breckenridge. Whigs/Know nothings- John Bell, and Republicans Abraham Lincoln

6. C ONT. Abraham Lincoln’s platform: (Republican) Called for the end of slavery in the territories, however defended the right of each state to control its own institutions and stipulated that there should be no interference with slavery in the states where it already existed. This election demonstrated that the country had divided into two political entities, and no real way to bridge the gap.

7. C ONT.. Breckinridge was the clear favorite among southern voters, and Bell took Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, Douglas only got Missouri and New Jersey, and Lincoln got the northern and western states. Lincoln won the election pretty decisively. He won forty percent of the popular vote and almost 60 percent of the electoral vote. (he did not receive a single southern electoral vote)

8. T HE U NION C OLLAPSES Southerners were outraged that a President could be elected without a single southern vote. The South felt as though they no longer had a voice in the national government so they decided to act. Once Lincoln was elected South Carolina legislature summoned a state convention.

9. C ONT. On December 20, 1860 the convention declared that the union between South Carolina and the United States is hereby dissolved. In the next few weeks, six other states of the Deep South seceded from the Union and later Georgia as well. In February of 1861 the seven seceding states established the Confederate States of America

10. C ONT.. The new country developed a new constitution and elected Jefferson Davis as their president. John Crittenden as well as others attempted ideas to preserve the Union, all of which failed and no compromise was made to save the Union.

11. T HE C IVIL W AR B EGINS Lincoln was sworn in as President on March 4, 1861. In his inaugural address he took a firm but conciliatory tone toward the South. Lincoln Stated these two phrases. “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists, but no state, upon its own mere action can lawfully get out of the Union.” (He said there would be no war unless the South started it)

12. C ONT. When the southern states seceded they seized the federal forts and arsenals within their borders. Only leaving four to the Union. One of most importance was Fort Sumter which guarded the harbor at Charleston. In January 1861, the Union tried to send supplies to the soldiers at Fort Sumter but the unarmed ship was fired on by the Confederates.

13. C ONT.. Lincoln had to now decide whether or not take action. By April the troops at the for desperately needed food and supplies. Lincoln was caught in the middle so he sent a letter to South Carolina stating that he was going to send a ship with food and supplies only, no arms. South Carolina was suspicious of Lincoln’s motives and ordered the Fort Sumter garrison to surrender to the Confederacy.

14. C ONT … When Union troops refused the Confederates fired on the fort. The Union troop eventually ran out of ammunition, forcing the commander to surrender. The North responded to the attack with shock and anger. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to fight against the Confederacy. The south responded just as strongly and brought in Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina into the Confederacy. Finally the Civil War begins..