1. Skeletal Muscle Mechanics-3
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2. 2. OXYGEN DEBT The body normally contains about 2 liters of oxygen:
Air in lungs
Body Fluids
0.25 liters
Hb of Blood
1 liter
Myoglobin
0.3 liters

3. 2. OXYGEN DEBT
During muscular exercise, a lot more Oxygen is supplied to the muscles than is present.
After exercise, Oxygen is required for the recovery of the energy systems. The total amount of oxygen required is:
2 liters of normally present oxygen must be replenished
9 liters extra must be provided for:
This Oxygen is needed for the following processes:
Resynthesis of the Creatine Phosphate to restore its reserves.
Conversion of lactate into pyruvate,
Conversion of part of pyruvate by oxidative phosphorylation system into ATP.
All this extra Oxygen (11.5 liters) that must be “repaid” to the body is called the Oxygen Debt.
This is the reason that a person must breathe rapidly even after the exercise is over!

4. 3. MUSCLE TONE
Even when muscles are at rest, a certain amount of tension usually remains—This is called Muscle Tone.
Cause:
Low rate of nerve impulses coming from the spinal cord which are controlled by the:
Signals from the brain to the spinal cord- anterior motor neurons
Signals that originate in the muscle spindles located in the muscle itself-Intrafusal fibers

5. 4. MOTOR UNIT Definition:
All the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber are called a MOTOR UNIT.
When a motor neuron enters a muscle, it branches, with each axon terminal supplying a single muscle fiber.
When this neuron is stimulated, all the muscle fibers supplied by it contract together.
Each muscle consists of a number of mixed motor units.
For a weak contraction of the whole muscle, only one or a few of its motor units are activated.
The number of muscle fibers per motor unit and the number of motor units per muscle vary widely, depending on the specific function of the muscle.
Each whole muscle is innervated by a number of different motor neurons. For muscles that produce precise movements, like eye muscles, the no. of muscle fibers in a motor unit will be small…On the other hand the no. of muscle fibers in a motor unit in a large muscle as a skeletal muscle will be large as in muscles of the legs.

7. 4. MOTOR UNIT
Number of muscle fibers in a motor unit vary in different muscles from 2 or 3 to more than 1000.
Average: muscle fibers to a motor unit.
Muscles which have to perform fine grade, intricate movements have motor units with as few as 3-5 muscle fibers to a unit .e.g. hand, eye.
Muscles with relatively crude movements, number of muscle fibers is quite large. E.g. muscles of lower limbs.
In one whole muscle, different motor units overlap.

8. 5. Force of Contraction Summation:
Summation: is the addition of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of whole muscle contraction.
There are 2 types of summation:
Multiple Fiber Summation (No. of motor units stimulated)
Frequency Summation

9. 5. a: Multiple Fiber Summation
Definition:
It is the summation of individual muscle fiber contractions by increasing the number of motor units contracting simultaneously.
Initially, with a weak signal from the CNS-only smaller units are stimulated.
Later, when signal from CNS becomes stronger, larger motor units are excited----This is called SIZE PRINCIPLE.
Importance:
It allows gradation of force to occur for weak & strong contractions.

10. 5. b: FREQUENCY SUMMATION
Definitions:
Force of contraction increases by increasing the frequency of contractions. Two action potentials in a muscle fiber add together to produce greater tension in the fiber than produced by a single action potential. This is called twitch summation or frequency summation.
Twitch summation is possible only because the duration of the action potential (1-2 msec) is much shorter than the duration of the resulting twitch (100 msec). Because the AP and refractory period are over long before the resulting muscle twitch is completed, the muscle fiber may be restimulated to produce summation of the mechanical response.
Remember we are talking about the summation of the muscle contractions and not muscle action potentials.

11. FREQUENCY SUMMATION
When APs come one after the other after the relaxation of the muscle is complete, identical muscle twitches are obtained…….
When APs come one after the other before relaxation of the muscle is complete, then the 2 twitches add or “summate” to give greater tension…

12. 5. b: FREQUENCY SUMMATION
If APs continue to stimulate the muscle repeatedly at short intervals, there is no time for complete relaxation between contractions ↓ Individual twitches fuse into one continuous contraction Whole muscle contraction appears to be smooth, sustained & of maximal strength This is called TETANIZATION or TETANUS (A tetanic contraction is usually three to four times stronger than a single twitch.)

14. Physiologic basis of twitch summation & Tetanus:
The main reason is the sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ permitting greater cross-bridge cycling. As the frequency of action potentials increases, the duration of elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration increases, and contractile activity likewise increases until a maximum tetanic contraction is reached. With tetanus, the maximum number of cross-bridge binding sites remain uncovered so that cross-bridge cycling, and consequently tension development, is at its peak.

15. COMPLETE or FUSED TETANUS INCOMPLETE/ UNFUSED TETANUS
TYPES OF TETANUS
COMPLETE or FUSED TETANUS
If repeated stimuli are applied at fast rate, then no relaxation occurs between the stimuli, muscle reaches max. tension and a sustained contraction phase is obtained.
INCOMPLETE/ UNFUSED TETANUS
If repeated stimuli given at a slower rate, then muscle fiber contractions grow stronger as they summate but the relaxation between the cont. remains incomplete.

16. 6. TREPPE
DEFINITION:
When a series of maximal stimuli are delivered to the muscle at a frequency just below tetanizing frequency (when muscle twitch due to previous stimulus has just completed), the tension developed during each twitch increases till a max. height is reached & a plateau is formed. This is called the Treppe/ staircase effect.
Because the tension rises in stages, like the steps in a staircase, this phenomenon is called treppe, a German word meaning "stairs."
CAUSE: The rise is thought to result from a gradual increase in the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm.

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