1. Water

2. Abundance/location 97.5% by volume is found in the sea water (3.5% salinity) 2.5% is fresh water 1.97% in ice caps 0.5 % in ground water 0.03% in rivers, lakes, soil and atmosphere Potable = usable water

3. Chemistry H 2 O – dihydrogen monoxide Polar: Positively (H) and negatively (O) charged ends - results in hydrogen bonding between molecules

4. Cohesion and Adhesion: water sticking to itself (co) and to other things (ad) Main importance: Transpiration – movement of water up the xylem in plants Main importance: Transpiration – movement of water up the xylem in plants

5. Less dense as a solid: water is densest at 4 o C water is densest at 4 o C lower temperatures causes the hydrogen bonds get stronger and spread molecules apart making it less dense = Ice Floats lower temperatures causes the hydrogen bonds get stronger and spread molecules apart making it less dense = Ice Floats maintains aquatic biomes in winter maintains aquatic biomes in winter

6. ICE Liquid Water Gas

7. High Specific Heat: heats and cools slowly heats and cools slowly Climate Control: regulates coastal temperatures, ocean currents, wind patterns Climate Control: regulates coastal temperatures, ocean currents, wind patterns Evaporative Cooling: as water evaporates it removes heat Evaporative Cooling: as water evaporates it removes heat

8. Solvent: dissolves substances that are charged – makes them more available for nutrient uptake in plants and animals

9. Hydrologic Cycle Processes: Evaporation Transpiration – plants Precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew Percolation: movement of water through soil and rocks

10. Ground water: water that has percolated until it reaches impenetrable rock flow rate: a few millimeters to a few meters per day depending on the composition of the soil flow rate: a few millimeters to a few meters per day depending on the composition of the soil eventually flows into streams or rivers or is confined in an aquifer eventually flows into streams or rivers or is confined in an aquifer

11. Aquifer: underground reservoir Unconfined aquifer: under layers of porous rock (sedimentary rock – limestone, sandstone) - can be replenished by surface water - the upper level of the aquifer = water table - if the level of the water table rises above the level of the ground = pond or lake or stream

12. Confined (artesian) aquifer: between layers of non-porous rock (morphological – granite, marble) - recharged many miles away where the area above is porous

13. Wells: drill down into the water table – pressure of the water determines how many gallons of water the well will produce a “dry well” means the water table level has fallen below the depth of the well a “dry well” means the water table level has fallen below the depth of the well

15. Run-off: water that does not percolate – moves to streams and rivers - can carry away soil (erosion), plants, animals and chemicals Watershed: drainage basin for a stream or river

17. Riparian Zone: transition zone between land and a stream or river denoted by hydrophilic plants denoted by hydrophilic plants typically high biological diversity typically high biological diversity important for preventing soil erosion – plant roots hold soil in place important for preventing soil erosion – plant roots hold soil in place - helps control flow of rivers and streams by maintaining the integrity of the river or stream bank

19. Flood Plains: areas where rivers and streams periodically overflow the banks of the river – can deposit fertile soil from upstream Ex: Fertile Crescent

22. Flooding Humans contribute to flood deaths and damage by removing vegetation, living in the floodplains, through urbanization (highways, parking lots, etc.). – Humans contribute to flood deaths and damage by removing vegetation, living in the floodplains, through urbanization (highways, parking lots, etc.). –

23. How can we reduce flooding risks? Channelization (straightening and deepening streams) – PAGE 305 Channelization (straightening and deepening streams) – PAGE 305 - reduces upstream flooding, increases upstream bank erosion and downstream flooding and deposition of sediment

25. How can we reduce flooding risks? Building levees and dams Building levees and dams - increases water's capacity for doing damage downstream - increases water's capacity for doing damage downstream Restoring wetlands – absorb excess water Restoring wetlands – absorb excess water

26. Instituting floodplain management – maintaining vegetative areas, controlling and diverting run-off (collecting ponds near highways) Instituting floodplain management – maintaining vegetative areas, controlling and diverting run-off (collecting ponds near highways)

27.  Underground Chattanooga Underground Chattanooga Underground Chattanooga

28. WATER USES: How do we use the world's fresh water? 65% – irrigate farm land (agriculture) 25% – energy production 10% – domestic and municipal use

29. PRODUCTGALLONS USED Car 100,000 Ton of brown paper 82,000 pound of cotton 2000 pound of aluminum 1000 pound of beef 800 pound of rice 560 pound of steel 25 gallon of gasoline 70

30. KINDS OF WATER USE The use of water is usually grouped into 4 uses : 1. domestic 1. domestic 2. agricultural 2. agricultural 3. in stream use 3. in stream use 4. industrial 4. industrial

31. Domestic water: cleaned water from streams and rivers Domestic water: cleaned water from streams and rivers The typical family of 4 The typical family of 4 24 liters for drinking and cooking 24 liters for drinking and cooking 72 liters for cleaning dishes 72 liters for cleaning dishes 400 liters flushing toilets 400 liters flushing toilets 320 liters bathing 320 liters bathing 152 liters for laundry 400 liters on lawns. TOTAL = 300 liters per person per day.

32. The USA uses 338 billion gallons per day (1993) = 1400 gal/person/day. The USA uses 338 billion gallons per day (1993) = 1400 gal/person/day. 10 % is public tap water 11% by industry 38% to cool power supply company equipment 41 % for agriculture.

33. Agricultural water is used mostly for irrigation. - crops and livestock Dams: provide electricity and water interfere with the natural river systems interfere with the natural river systems slows rivers slows rivers

34. Problems with irrigation. Salinization: Water goes into the land and not out Natural salts go into the land causing it to get saltier.

38. reduces crop yields reduces crop yields can dissolve traces of toxic materials in an irrigated field. can dissolve traces of toxic materials in an irrigated field. Can lead to Desertification: land becomes so salty, plants cannot grow in the soil even if it is wet Can lead to Desertification: land becomes so salty, plants cannot grow in the soil even if it is wet

39. Instream Use : - use of water in the stream - hydroelectric dams - cheap electricity and recreation – changes ecosystem of river – flowing to non- flowing - alters flow of stream - temperature changes affect oxygen levels in water - warm water = low O 2 - cold water = high O 2 - leads to changes in stream/river populations

40. Industrial Use of Water : - mainly used to cool things by using the water to carry away heat - may lead to thermal pollution – changes the temperature of the water which affects the organisms that live there – most companies have a cooling channel to allow the water to cool before dumping into the river

43. Water Issues: Too Little: Causes of Freshwater Shortages Dry climate Drought Desiccation – loss of water (dries up) Water Stress – over use of water

44. How Can Water Supplies be Increased? Build dams and reservoirs - capture and store water from rain and melting snow; then released as desired to produce elec. power, irrigate land, control flooding below the reservoir and provide water to towns - capture and store water from rain and melting snow; then released as desired to produce elec. power, irrigate land, control flooding below the reservoir and provide water to towns - can reduce downstream flow to a trickle (Colorado River) - can reduce downstream flow to a trickle (Colorado River) - reduce biodiversity - reduce biodiversity - fish ladders

45. Bring in surface water from another area Withdraw groundwater DesalinationDistillation Reverse Osmosis Uses vast amount of electricity. Distribution of desalinated water is also costly Process produces large quantities of brine (contains high levels of salt and minerals)

46. Cloud Seeding Add chemicals to clouds to promote rain Legal issues over the ownership of water in clouds Tow massive icebergs to arid coastal areas.