1. Electricity Basics

2. Atoms  Proton: + charge: determines element  Neutron: +/-: varies in number (isotopes)  Electron: - charge: really tiny, bonds, moves, added and removed from atoms

3. Electricity  Movement of electrons  Usually – to +  Currents: Separation of charges; Flow  A secondary resource- must use primary energy source to produce electricity  Not renewable or non-renewable

4. 2 Currents  Direct: Constant stream of charges in one direction  Batteries  Tesla (batteries)  Edison Circuits/Vocab video

5. 2 Currents  Alternating- current reverses directions  Frequency of changes measured in hertz  Cheaper to produce than DC  Easier to transmit over distances  Westinghouse

6. Not really Current  Static: build up of e-’s in one area  “jump ship” when too crowded and a path is available  Slippers against the floor  Balloons sticking to wall or pulling hair away from head

7. Odd Facts  AC/DC’s name is off the back of a sewing machine  Westinghouse and Edison couldn’t stand each other and fought every chance they had about if we should use direct or alternating current  Tesla & Westinghouse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC6VTeySeCc Tesla & Westinghouse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC6VTeySeCc Tesla & Westinghouse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC6VTeySeCc  http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_warcur.html http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_warcur.html  AC/DC video, Voltage, Current, and Power Explained.flv AC/DC videoVoltage, Current, and Power Explained.flv AC/DC videoVoltage, Current, and Power Explained.flv Edison and Westinghous https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OzwoDnekWQ

8. Moving E-’s  Insulator- resists the flow of electrons  Conductor- allows e-’s to flow  Super of each is very efficient at keeping or encouraging e-’s to move  Electric forces: how much + pulls on –  E-’s too small to pull on protons  Closer together the greater the force  Much like magnetic fields  Faraday

9. Circuits: Loops of moving e-’s  Energy source (battery)  Load (appliance, light bulb, etc)  Closed: Follow from one point through the loop without breaking link  ON  Open: Gap in loop (no e-’s flow)  OFF

10. Series Circuit  All load on one loop  Must all be working for closed circuit  E-’s flow through each load  Current reduced with each new load  Light dims if added  Older Christmas lights are perfect example

11. Parallel Circuit  Several ways for e-’s to keep closed loop  One load may be broken, not working, etc and rest of circuit will still work  E-’s flow increases with each load added  New path each load  Current increases  Easier to “overload” circuit (dangerous)

12. Safety Devices  Switch: opens circuit  Safety and convenience  Fuse: one time use, melts wire to open circuit if too much current is flowing  Circuit breaker: reusable, opens circuit with safety switch if too much current is flowing  Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI): Outlets near water (kitchens/bathrooms) to open circuits faster than fuse/cb (water is conductor)  http://www.electrickids.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/electrickids/electrickids/home/lesson2/video1 http://www.electrickids.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/electrickids/electrickids/home/lesson2/video1

13. Measuring Electricity  Current: e-’s flowing btwn 2 pts. With a difference in pressure  Amperes (amps)  After Ampere (French scientist)  Voltage: Pressure to make e-’s move  Volts  After Volta (Italian scientist)  AA battery 1.5V, Car battery 12V, Wall outlet 120V

14.  Resistance: Slows flow of e-’s  Ohms (yes, after Ohm, German scientist)  Thickness of wire  Material  Temperature  Power: Measure of rate of doing work  Watts (after James Watt- steam engine)  Kilowatts more commonly used (Watt too small) = 1000 Watt  Power = voltage X current

15.  Energy: Power used over time  Watt hour (more commonly kWh)  Energy = power X time  60 watt light bulb for 5 hours= 60W X 5 hrs= 300 Wh (or.3 kWh) Analogy Video Analogy Video

16. Power Calculations  Voltage= current x resistance (volts)  Power = Voltage x current (watts)  Energy = power x time (watt hours) Energy 101 Video

17. Making and Distributing Electricity  Plant  Transformer  Steps up voltage (Less loss on lines)  Transmission lines  Aluminum  Interconnected- one takes on the load of another in failure  Step Down Transformer  Substations along the lines  Fenced in area with lines and building, distribution station  Final voltage reduction  Home  3 wires, 2 of which go to circuit breaker/fuse box  Meter tracks changes

18. In a Power Plant (mostly)  In US, large, centrally located plants  Coal, nuclear and Natural Gas  Superheat water to steam (well above boiling point so there is extra pressure)  Turbine  Straight motion of steam to circular motion  Blades Turn  Connected to generator  Large Magnet surrounded by copper wire  Blades spin, rotate magnet, move electrons, produces current  Cooling Towers  Allow water to cool and condense, some heat trapped to produce energy

19. Utility Company Goals/ Lingo  Reliability- provide electricity 100% of the time  No black or brown outs  + 15-20% anticipated peak demands  Capacity- total electricity utility company has on line and ready to deliver  Base-load power- generated around the clock  Base-load stations usually run at full capacity  Peak Demand- noon to 6 p.m., more generators in use, some powered by gas or diesel- higher cost

20. Video: Electricity Basics Video: Electricity Basics  Power Pools- Increased reliability in being linked together to share power  North America has 9 regional power pools  Demand Side Management- Control when/how much power is used by people by adding incentives (higher cost for peak power)  Cogeneration- Manufacturing a product and producing electricity

21. Electricity Cost  50% generation, 20% transmission, 30% local distribution  Depends on energy source  Costs to build plant  Plant efficiency  Currently 35% range, in 1900, only 4% efficient  1992 Energy Policy Act  independent power producers  Choice in providers- Deregulation

22. Is there a significance difference between 1971 and 2009? What energy categories have increased electricity production? What have decreased?

23. Which pieces of the pie are renewable? Non-renewable? Alternative?

24. What will our future be?

25. Video Clips  Thomas Edison and the Electric Light  Time Magazine, (length 3:49) http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,320 68,102212326001_2000828,00.html http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,320 68,102212326001_2000828,00.html  Westinghouse and Edison  Science Matters (length 4:36) http://classroomclips.org/video/4370

26.  Home Electrical Safety (3min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XA_Ukj026w  Go Wireless (10 min) http://www.ted.com/talks/eric_giler_demos_wireles s_electricity.html??utm_medium=social&source =email&utm_source=email&utm_campaign=ios- share http://www.ted.com/talks/eric_giler_demos_wireles s_electricity.html??utm_medium=social&source =email&utm_source=email&utm_campaign=ios- share  The Science of Lightning (5 ½ min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66lqGmC- mLY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66lqGmC- mLY  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyygaemPt9 s (2min- from Discovery’s Raging Planet) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyygaemPt9 s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyygaemPt9 s

27.  Electricity and Magnetism Video Electricity and Magnetism Video Electricity and Magnetism Video  How is Electricity Transmitted? Follow Electricity's Journey Through the Transmission System (3:24) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQg2Y0kp2vI  Joe Genius- Backyard Science  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2F8kRvjhTY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2F8kRvjhTY  9min  The Missing link to Renewable Energy  https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_sadoway_the_missi ng_link_to_renewable_energy https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_sadoway_the_missi ng_link_to_renewable_energy https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_sadoway_the_missi ng_link_to_renewable_energy